| A | B |
|---|
| Gas Exchange | The transport of oxygen into the blood and cells & carbon dioxide from the blood and cells |
| Gas exchange happens wehere? | Alveoli |
| Causes of impaired gas exchange | decreased O2; too much CO2; choking; blocking gas exchange by chemical or substance; not enough hemoglobin; obstruction; COPD; Asthma; weak muscles |
| Risk factors of impaired gas exchange | High altitude; pollution; smoking; diet; low iron; genetics; anemia |
| Preventing impaired gas exhcange | stop smoking; exercise; vaccines; avoid pollution; take medications as prescribed; use safety equipment; learn to swim; take small bites when eating |
| Pneumonia | an infection of the alveoli in the lungs |
| Causes of pneumonia | Virus; bacteria; fungus; parasite |
| Community acquired pneumonia | from people interacting in the community |
| Ventilator acquired pneumonia | common in those who require mechanical ventilation. |
| Hospital acquired pneumonia | also known as nosocomial pneumonia, is found in clients who acquired pneumonia while being in the hospital |
| Aspiration pneumonia | When food gets caught in the lung due to dysphagia & grows bacteria |
| Manifestations of Pneumonia | Productive cough (green or yellow sputum); short of breath; fever; chills; crackles; sharp pain; decreased O2 sats; fever; tachycardia; hypertension; anorexia; malaise |
| Preventing pneumonia | Hand washing; social distancing; vaccines; air filtration; PPE |
| Anemia pathophysiology | is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and consequently a reduction in the amount of oxygen available to the cells |
| Causes of anemia | Decreased production of RBCs; increased destruction of RBCs; Excessive loss of RBCs; sequestration (sickling) |
| Manifestations of anemia | dizziness; lightheadedness; pallor; tachycardia; fatigue; hypotension |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | reduces oxygen transportation in the blood. |
| Pernicious anemia | Malabsorption of Vitamin B12 and a lack of intrinsic factor needed to bind with the vitamin. The RBCs are very large and are destroyed prematurely, resulting in low erythrocyte count. |
| Manifestations SPECIFIC to pernicious anemia | enlarged, red, sore tongue; paresthesia; loss of coordination; nausea and diarrhea |
| Aplastic anemia | Impairment or failure of bone marrow that leads to stem cell loss which decreases numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. |
| Manifestations SPECIFIC to aplastic anemia | thrombocytopenia; leukopenia |
| Sickle cell anemia | Recessive genetic inheritance; Inherited characteristic leads to abnormal hemoglobin formation. This changes the shape of the RBS to a crescent shape. Cells have a much shorter life span |
| Preventing a sickle crisis | Hydrate; avoid infections; avoid higher altitudes; take prescribed medications |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders | A collection of conditions that cause breathing problems and obstruct airflow: Chronic bronchitis & Emphysema |
| Emphysema | Damage to alveoli wall from constant irritation; elastase increased and breaks down elastic fibers; alveoli becomes hyperinflated permanently; no recoil in alveoli; air trapped in alveoli leads to overinflation of lungs; Manifestation specific here: hypercapnia & BARREL CHEST |
| Chronic bronchitis | Constant irritation leads to irreversible and progressive damage to BRONCHI; leads to thickened bronchial wall and increased mucus production; swelling at mucosa from irritation and inflammation; pooled secretions lead to obstruction: manifestations specific here: PRODUCTIVE COUGH |
| COPD Risk Factors | SMOKING; environment; occupation; genetics |
| General manifestations of COPD | Decreased lung sounds; accessory muscle use; pursed lip breathing; wheezing; cough; short of breath; fatigue; respiratory infections; orthopnea |
| Asthma Pathophysiology | Inflammation; mucus formation; narrowing airways |
| Asthma triggers | Allergens; irritants; medicine; infections; exercise; weather |
| Asthma manifestations | Wheezing; dyspnea; chest pain or tightness; difficulty sleeping; cough |
| Pulmonary Embolus | : when emboli get blocked in the lung; blocks blood supply through lung; prevents gas exchange |
| Pulmonary Embolus Risk Factors | DVT; immobility; trauma; surgery; childbirth; dehydration; increased blood coagulation; cancer |
| PE manifestations | Tachypnea; tachycardia; decreased O2 saturation; loss of skin color; cyanosis; short of breath; chest pain; cough; anxiety/impending doom; fever; sweating |
| Preventing a PE | Compression socks; blood thinners; smoking cessation; blood thinners; change medications if needed (oral birth control) |
