| A | B |
|---|
| Osteoblastic activity | Building new bone |
| Osteoclastic activity | breaking down old bone |
| Ligaments | attach bone to bone |
| Tendons | Attach bone to muscle |
| Joints | complex structures of ligaments, tendons and muscles that allow for range of movement at ends of various bones |
| Osteoporosis | Bone resorption exceeds bone formation leading to fragile bones. |
| Osteoarthritis | Wear and tear of articular cartilage from excessive use; Degenerative joint disease resulting in a loss of cartilage |
| comminuted fracture | A fracture where there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments. |
| Stress fracture | Prolonged, repeated force on the bone causes it to fracture under stress |
| Depressed fracture | refers to flat areas of bone (usually skill) & a depression in that bone |
| Compression fracture | indicates opposite forces squeezing the bone between two points |
| Open Fractures | When a fracture occurs and bone breaks through the skin |
| impacted fracture | A fracture where one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone |
| greenstick fracture | A fracture where the bone is broken on one side and bent on the other side |
| 5 Stages of fracture healing | 1. Hematoma 2. granulation tissue 3. procallus 4. body callus 5. remodeling |
| Complications of fractures | muscle spasm; osteomyelitis; decreased perfusion; compartment syndrome; fat emboli; failure to heal; nerve damage |
| Monoplegia | affects one limb; usually an arm |
| Hemiplegia | Affects one side of the body, arm, leg and trunk |
| Paraplegia | Affects two limbs; usually legs |
| Quadriplegia | Affects all four limbs |
| Complications of immobility | Reduced osteoblast activity; osteoporosis; atrophy; contractures; pneumonia; atelectasis; pressure ulcers; infections; skin breakdown; constipation; malnutrition; dehydration; UTI; Kidney stones; urinary retention; DVT; PE; perfusion problems; depression; anxiety; isolation; many more |
| Causes of spinal cord injury | Injury (MVA, falls, violence, sports, medical); infection; autoimmune disorders |
| Risk factors for spinal cord injuries | age; medical conditions; not using safety devices; poor body mechanics; not getting vaccines; undertreatment of infections |
| Dermatomes | A specific pattern from the large nerves coming out of the spinal cord |
| Dermatome map | allows HCPs to pinpoint where there might be injury or pressure |
| Preventing spinal cord injuries | wear helmets; wear seatbelts; safety equipment; no activity under the influence; stay alert in enviroment; consider hazards; |
| Complications of spinal cord injury | Immobility; autonomic dysreflexia; urinary dysfunction (retention, incontinence, UTI); bowel (constipation; incontinence); musculoskeletal (atrophy; contractures); pain |
| Autonomic dysreflexia | Overstimulation of sympathetic nervous system; Impaired communication between body and brain due to spinal cord injury |
| Autonomic dysreflexia triggers | Bowel distension (constipation, enemas); bladder distension (retention, catheter issues); kinked catheters; position changes |
| Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia | Severely high blood pressure; slow heart rate; headache; visual problems |
