| A | B |
|---|
| Thyroid hormones | T3 & T3 |
| TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| Hyperthyroidism | Overactive thyroid gland; Overproduction and over secretion of thyroid hormone; Increased T3 & T4, decreased TSH |
| Hypothyroidism | Underactive thyroid; Underproduction of thyroid hormone; Overall decrease in metabolism |
| Manifestations of hyperthyroidism | Increased metabolism; weight loss; tachycardia; increased sweating & appetite; anxiety/nervousness; enlarged thyroid gland; fine, brittle hair; thin skin; insomnia; heat intolerance |
| Manifestations of hypothyroidism | Decreased metabolism; weight gain; bradycardia; elevated cholesterol; muscle aches; depression; impaired memory; constipation; enlarged thyroid gland; joint stiffness & pain; dry fragile skin; hoarseness; cold insensitivity |
| Risk Factors for Pituitary Disorders | Tumor and head injury |
| Too much growth hormone in children | Gigantism; excessive growth of bones and body. Excessive height and size |
| Too much growth hormone in adults | Acromegaly; Enlargement of hands, feet, and face |
| Elevated glucocorticoid levels | Cushing's syndrome |
| Decreased glucocorticoid levels | Addison's disease |
| Causes of cushings | pituitary adenoma; adrenal gland disease; steroid medication |
| Causes of Addison's | autoimmune, infection, hemorrhage, surgical removal |
| Manifestations of Cushings | “moon face” “buffalo hump” weight gain in abdomen with thin extremities; striae; slow wound healing; hypertension; hyperglycemia; osteoporosis; fatigue; depression; fragile skin; muscle wasting |
| Manifestations of Addison's | Skin hyperpigmentation; hypotension; weakness; weight loss; nausea; diarrhea; constipation; vitiligo |
| Too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) |
| Too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Diabetes Insipidus (DI) |
| Manifestations of SIADH | Fluid retention; fluid volume excess (overload); concentrated urine; hyponatremia |
| Manifestations of DI | Fluid volume deficit (dehydration); frequent urination; dilute urine; hypernatremia |
| Insulin | Lowers serum glucose levels; Released when serum glucose levels rise; Binds to insulin receptor and facilitates glucose into cells |
| Fast blood glucose | Measures blood glucose levels in a person who had no caloric intake in the previous 8 hours |
| Random Blood Glucose | Measures blood glucose levels at any time of the day, regardless of caloric intake |
| Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C | Measures amount of glucose combined with hemoglobin in red blood cells. Reflects average blood glucose levels for 2-3 months |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood glucose |
| Hyperglycemia | Elevated blood glucose |
| Manifestations of hypoglycemia | Diaphoresis; pallor; irritability; hunger; lack of coordination; sleepy; confused |
| Manifestations of hyperglycemia | Polyphagia; polyuria; polydipsia; Dry mouth; weakness; headache; blurred vision; warm, dry skin |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) | Autoimmune; beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed; patient is dependent on insulin injections |
| Risk factors for diabetes mellitus 1 | Family history/genetic; Environmental factors; Autoantibodies; Geography |
| 3 P's of DM1 | Polyphagia (increased hunger); polydipsia (increased thirst); polyuria (increased urination) |
| Manifestations of DM 1 | Weight loss; numbness/tingling of hands or feet; fatigue; dry skin; slow wound healing; increased infections; nausea; vomiting; stomach pain |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) | Result of profound insulin deficiency; leads to dysfunctional fat breakdown; leads to ketones; Metabolic acidosis |
| Manifestations of DKA | High glucose; decreased pH; ketosis; ketones in urine; acetone breath (fruity smelling); dehydration; tachycardia; weak thready pulses; CNS depression; kussmaul respirations |
| Long-term complications of Diabetes Mellitus | CAD; peripheral vascular disease; stroke; neuropathy; retinopathy; nephropathy |
| Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DM2) | Insulin resistance; decreased insulin production; not dependent on insulin injections |
| Risk factors for DM 2 | Age; overweight/obesity; sedentary lifestyle; family history; tobacco; vitamin D deficiency; history of prediabetes or gestational diabetes; insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome |
| Manifestations of DM 2 | Gradual onset; 3 P's; weight gain; increased abdominal girth; delayed wound healing; dark patches on skin; tingling in hands and feet; sexual dysfunction; frequent infections; fatigue; vision changes |
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS) | Complication of DM2; elevated glucose levels |
| Manifestations of HHS | Elevated blood sugars (over 600); confusion; hallucinations; drowsiness; dry mouth; thirst; frequent urination; fever; blurred vision; weakness |
| Diabetic retinopathy | High blood glucose damages small vessels in the eye; Damages eyesight; Vessels can leak or become scarred |
