| A | B |
|---|
| Reconstruction | the process of readmitting the former Confederate states to the Union following the end of the Civil War |
| Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, which required that 10 percent of voters in a state pledge loyalty to the United States before that state could rejoin the Union |
| Thirteenth Amendment | the amendment that made slavery illegal throughout the United States |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | an organization established by Congress to provide relief for freed people and certain poor people in the South |
| Andrew Johnson | vice president who became president upon Lincoln’s death |
| Black Codes | southern laws that greatly limited the freedom of African Americans |
| Radical Republicans | Republicans who wanted more federal control in Reconstruction |
| Civil Rights act of 1866 | act giving African Americans the same legal rights as whites |
| Fourteenth Amendment | amendment guaranteeing citizens equal protection of laws |
| Reconstruction Acts | laws passed to protect African American rights |
| impeachment | process of bringing charges of wrongdoing against a public official |
| Fifteenth Amendment | amendment giving African American men the right to vote |
| Hiram Revels | first African American senator |
| Ku Klux Klan | secret society that used violence to oppress African Americans |
| enforcement acts | laws providing equal protection for all under the law |
| Compromise of 1877 | agreement in which Democrats accepted Hayes’s election to the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from the South |
| poll tax | special tax people had to pay before they could vote |
| segregation | forced separation of whites and African Americans in public places |
| literacy test | test given before someone could vote |
| Jim Crow Laws | laws that enforced segregation |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court ruling that upheld segregation |
| sharecropping | system in which farm laborers kept, or shared, some of the crop |
| grandfather clause | a legal provision that permits certain actions or activities to continue under the old rules, even after a new law or regulation takes effect |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | aimed to guarantee equal access to public accommodations and transportation, but it was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883 |
| Military Reconstruction | former Confederate states were divided into five military districts, governed by Union generals, and required to meet specific conditions for readmission to the Union |
| Presidential Reconstruction | period following the Civil War where Presidents Lincoln and Johnson focused on reintegrating the Southern states into the Union with a lenient approach |
| Congressional Reconstruction | also known as Radical Reconstruction, aimed to rebuild the South and ensure the rights of formerly enslaved people |
