| A | B |
|---|
| 16th Amendment | allowed Congress to levy and income tax |
| 17th Amendment | established the direct election of senators |
| 18th Amendment | prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment | granted women the right to vote |
| Andrew Carnegie | leading figure in the steel industry, known for his philanthropy |
| assimiliation | process of adopting the culture and customs of a dominant group, often applied to immigrants and Native Americans |
| bimetallism | a monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks |
| blacklists | lists of people or organizations considered undesirable, often used to prevent workers from getting jobs |
| Buffalo Soldiers | African American soldiers who served in the U.S. Army on the Western frontier after the Civil War |
| Captains of Industry | Business leaders who significantly contributed to the nation's economy through innovation and expansion. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | Prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States |
| closed shops | Workplaces where all employees are required to be union members |
| collective bargaining | Negotiation between employers and labor unions to determine wages, hours, and working conditions. |
| convict lease system | A system in the South where prisoners were leased to private companies or plantations for labor. |
| Dawes Severalty Act (1887) | Authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands and distribute them to individual Native Americans. |
| Early Civil Rights Movement | The initial phase of the movement focused on addressing racial discrimination and segregation, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries |
| Election of 1912 | A pivotal election where the major parties shifted their platforms, with the Progressive Party emerging as a significant force |
| environmental conservation | The movement to protect and preserve natural resources and wilderness areas |
| ethnic neighborhoods/enclaves | Areas within cities where immigrants of the same nationality or ethnicity live in close proximity. |
| Exodusters | African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas and other Western states after the Civil War. |
| Prohibition | what the 18th Amendment was commonly called |
| Farmers Alliance | An agrarian movement advocating for farmers' rights and economic reform. |
| Federal Reserve Act (1913) | created the central banking system of the United States. |
| Gilded Age | A period of rapid economic growth and industrialization in the late 19th century, marked by both great wealth and social problems |
| government grants | Financial aid provided by the government to support various projects or programs |
| government subsidies | Financial assistance provided by the government to support specific industries or businesses. |
| Henry Ford | An industrialist who revolutionized mass production with the assembly line and the Model T. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Granted 160 acres of public land to settlers who agreed to live on and cultivate it for five years. |
| horizontal monopoly/integration | A business strategy where a company acquires competitors in the same industry to control the market. |
| immigration | The movement of people into a country to which they are not native. |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States through a national origins quota. |
| Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 | Declared that the U.S. government would no longer recognize tribes as independent nations and would not make treaties with them |
| Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 | Granted U.S. citizenship to Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States. |
| industrialization | The process of developing industries in a country or region on a wide scale. |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | Regulated the railroad industry and established the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
| Jim Crow Laws | State and local laws in the South that enforced racial segregation. |
| John Rockefeller | A dominant figure in the oil industry, known for founding Standard Oil. |
| J.P. Morgan | A powerful financier and banker who played a key role in consolidating industries and shaping the American economy |
| Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 | Prohibited the interstate shipment of goods produced by child labor. |
| labor unions | Organizations of workers formed to protect their rights and interests |
| laissez-faire | A policy of minimal government intervention in the economy. |
| Little Bighorn (1876) | The site of a major battle where Native American forces defeated General George Custer's troops. |
| lockouts | Employers' tactics to prevent workers from striking by closing down workplaces. |
| muckrakers | Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social problems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| National Park Service | A U.S. government agency that manages and protects national parks, monuments, and other natural and historical sites |
| nativism | The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. |
| new immigrants | Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. from southern and eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| old immigrants | Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. from northern and western Europe before the late 19th century. |
| Pacific Railway Act (1862) | Provided federal subsidies in the form of land grants and loans to build a transcontinental railroad. |
| philanthropist | A person who donates money to good causes. |
| Plains Indian Wars | A series of conflicts between Native American tribes and the U.S. government over control of the Great Plains. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. |
| political machines | Corrupt political organizations that controlled city governments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| populism | A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite. |
| Populist Movement | A political movement by farmers and workers in the late 19th century seeking economic and political reforms. |
| Populist Party | A third-party political movement in the late 19th century that advocated for farmers' rights and economic reform. |
| Progressive Movement | A social and political reform movement in the early 20th century that sought to address problems caused by industrialization and urbanization. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) | A law that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. |
| Reservation System | A system of land designated for Native American tribes, often resulting in forced relocation and loss of traditional lands. |
| Robber Barons | Business leaders who used ruthless tactics to amass wealth and power in the late 19th century. |
| settlement houses | Community centers in urban areas that provided social services to immigrants and the poor. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | A law that prohibited monopolies and other business practices that restrained trade. |
| social darwinism | The belief that only the fittest individuals or businesses survive in a competitive society. |
| strikebreaking | The practice of hiring workers to replace striking employees in order to break a strike. |
| strikes | Work stoppages by employees as a form of protest to demand better wages or working conditions |
| tariffs | Taxes on imported goods |
| telegraphs | A system for transmitting messages over long distances using coded signals. |
| tenements | Overcrowded and poorly maintained apartment buildings in urban slums |
| The Great Migration | The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in the early to mid-20th century |
| transcontinental railroad | A railroad that connected the East and West coasts of the United States. |
| trusts | Large business combinations that controlled entire industries |
| urbanization | The growth of cities and the movement of people from rural to urban areas |
| vertical monopoly/integration | A business strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to finished goods. |
| voting reforms | Changes to election laws aimed at increasing voter participation and reducing corruption. |
| women's suffrage | The movement to gain voting rights for women |
| Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) | The massacre of hundreds of Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of the Plains Indian Wars. |
