| A | B |
|---|
| AAA, CCC, and WPA | New Deal programs that were part of the alphabet soup agencies |
| assembly line | A manufacturing process where parts are added as a product moves from workstation to workstation, increasing efficiency. |
| atomic bombs | Nuclear weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, by the U.S. in 1945, ending World War II. |
| command economy | An economic system in which the government controls production, investment, prices, and incomes (associated with communism). |
| consumerism | The preoccupation of society with the acquisition of consumer goods. |
| Court Packing Plan (1937) | President Franklin D. Roosevelt's failed attempt to add more justices to the Supreme Court to get favorable rulings on New Deal legislation. |
| deficit spending | Government spending in excess of revenue, funded by borrowing rather than taxation |
| Double V Campaign | An African American campaign during World War II for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home. |
| Dust Bowl | A period of severe dust storms in the Great Plains during the 1930s, causing agricultural damage and migration. |
| Espionage & Sedition Acts (1918) | Laws passed during World War I that restricted freedom of speech and press, targeting dissenters. |
| Executive Order 8802 | Issued by President Roosevelt, it banned discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work. |
| Executive Order 9066 | Issued by President Roosevelt, it authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. |
| FDIC | A New Deal agency that insures bank deposits, restoring public confidence in the banking system. |
| First Red Scare | A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the U.S. after World War I. |
| Flappers | Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional social norms with their style and behavior. |
| foreclosures | The legal process where a lender takes possession of property due to the borrower's failure to pay the mortgage. |
| fundamentalism | A conservative religious movement characterized by a literal interpretation of religious texts. |
| German American Bund Rally at Madison Square Garden (1939) | A pro-Nazi rally held by the German American Bund in New York City. |
| Great Migration | The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in the early to mid-20th century |
| Harlem Hellfighters | An African American infantry unit in World War I that fought bravely despite facing discrimination. |
| Harlem Renaissance | A cultural and artistic movement in the 1920s celebrating African American music, literature, and art. |
| Holocaust | The genocide of approximately six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime during World War II. |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States through a national origins quota. |
| imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. |
| income disparity | The gap between the rich and the poor, often seen as a social and economic problem. |
| inflation | A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money |
| installment plan and easy credit | Methods of buying goods on credit, allowing consumers to make small payments over time. |
| interventionism | A policy of non-defensive activity undertaken by a nation-state to manipulate an economy or society. |
| isolationism | A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of foreign countries. |
| Jim Crow Laws | State and local laws in the South that enforced racial segregation |
| laissez-faire capitalism | An economic system in which the government minimizes interference with the economy. |
| League of Nations | An international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation. |
| Lend-Lease (1941-1945) | A program in which the U.S. provided military aid to Allied nations during World War II. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A U.S. policy that warned European powers against interfering in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. |
| nativism | The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. |
| Navajo Code Talkers | Native American soldiers who used their language to transmit coded messages for the U.S. military during World War II. |
| Negro Leagues | Professional baseball leagues for African American players during the era of segregation. |
| Neutrality Acts (1935-1939) | Laws passed by the U.S. to limit its involvement in future wars |
| New Deal | A series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression. |
| Open Door Policy | A U.S. policy aimed at securing equal trade opportunities in China for all nations |
| overproduction | Producing more goods than can be consumed, a factor contributing to the Great Depression. |
| Panama Canal | built by the USA, this is crucial for trade and the military and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans |
| Pearl Harbor | The site of a surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii in 1941, leading to U.S. entry into World War II. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine |
| Progressive Economic Regulation | Government intervention in the economy to address issues like monopolies, worker safety, and consumer protection |
| rationing | Controlled distribution of scarce resources during wartime or other emergencies |
| Relief, Recovery, and Reform | The three main goals of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs to address the Great Depression. |
| revival of the Ku Klux Klan | A resurgence of the white supremacist organization in the 1920s, targeting African Americans, immigrants, and other groups |
| Roosevelt Corollary | An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin American affairs. |
| Rosie the Riveter | A cultural icon representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian immigrant anarchists whose controversial conviction and execution in the 1920s highlighted issues of nativism and social justice |
| Scopes Trial (1925) | A court case that debated the teaching of evolution in schools, symbolizing the conflict between modernism and fundamentalism |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest individuals or businesses survive in a competitive society, used to justify laissez-faire capitalism and imperialism |
| Spanish-American War | A conflict between Spain and the U.S. in 1898, resulting in U.S. acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |
| stock market crash | The sudden and dramatic decline of stock prices in 1929, triggering the Great Depression. |
| Treaty of Versailles | The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany and contributing to future conflicts. |
| Tuskegee Airmen | A group of African American military pilots who fought in World War II, demonstrating their skill and courage despite facing discrimination. |
| United Nations | An international organization founded after World War II to promote peace and cooperation. |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) | A document adopted by the United Nations outlining fundamental human rights. |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | A German naval policy in World War I and II of sinking all ships, including civilian vessels, without warning |
| war bonds | Debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations during wartime. |
| War Refugee Board (1944) | A U.S. government agency created to aid civilian victims of Nazi persecution during World War II. |
| Zimmermann Telegram | A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing an alliance against the U.S., which contributed to U.S. entry into World War I. |
