| A | B |
|---|
| Parallelism (Parallel structure) | The repetition of a grammatical structure or patterns, words, phrases across several clauses or sentences. (Ex: Anaphora, antithesis, chiasmus) |
| Anaphora (type of parallelism) | Deliberate repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. |
| Antithesis (type of parallelism) | The presentation of two contrasting images/words. (Ex: "To be or not to be") |
| Chiasmus (type of parallelism) | When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. (Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair") |
| Apostrophe (type of parallelism) | A figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker. |
| Hyperbole | A figure of speech in which the writer exaggerates or overstates to achieve emphasis. |
| Understatement | When an author assigns less significance to an event or things than it deserves. |
| Sarcasm | A figure of speech in the form of verbal irony that mocks, ridicules, or expresses contempt by saying the opposite of what one feels. |
| Satire | To ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines to make fun of human foibles or weaknesses. |
| Oxymoron | Combines two contradictory words in one expression. |
| Litany | The listing of items or actions in a sentence. |
| Motif | Recurring images, words, or objects, phrases, or actions that tend to unify the work in a theme. |
| Paradox | A statement or concept that appears to contradict itself or go against common sense, but upon closer inspection, contains some degree of truth or validity. |
| Logical fallacy | An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid. |
| Ad Hominem Argument (type of logical fallacy) | Refers to an argument that attacks the opposing speaker or another person rather than addressing the issues at hand. |
| Non sequitur (type of logical fallacy) | An inference or conclusion that does not follow from the original premise or evidence. |
| Post hoc (type of logical fallacy) | Confusing change or coincidence with causation. Because one event comes after another one, does not necessarily mean that the first event caused the second. |
| Begging the question (type of logical fallacy) | Assuming in a premise that needs to be proven: "If American auto workers built a better product, foreign auto sales wouldn't be so high." |
| False analogy (type of logical fallacy) | Making a misleading analogy between logically unconnected ideas. |
| Either/or thinking (type of logical fallacy) | The tendency to see an issue as having only two sides. (Ex: "Used car salespeople are either honest or crooked.") |
| Mood | The prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event. |
| Tone | The means by which a writer conveys attitudes, more specifically what attitude the writer wants to convey to the reader/audience. |
