| A | B |
|---|
| Heart | muscular organ that pumps blood through the body |
| Arteries | blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart |
| Veins | blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart |
| Capillaries | tiny vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs |
| Circulation | movement of blood through the body (systemic & pulmonary) |
| Venipuncture | puncture of a vein to obtain blood |
| Median Cubital Vein | preferred vein for phlebotomy, located in antecubital fossa |
| Cephalic Vein | vein on lateral side of arm, alternative site for blood draws |
| Basilic Vein | vein on medial side of arm, less preferred (close to nerves/artery) |
| Tourniquet | device used to temporarily restrict venous blood flow for easier vein access |
| Hemostasis | process that stops bleeding (vasoconstriction, platelet plug, clotting cascade) |
| Anticoagulant | substance that prevents clotting (e.g., heparin, EDTA, citrate) |
| Troponin | protein released when heart muscle is damaged (heart attack marker) |
| CK-MB (Creatine Kinase-MB) | enzyme that rises with cardiac muscle injury |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | heart attack caused by blocked coronary arteries |
| Angina | chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart muscle |
| Arrhythmia | irregular heartbeat |
| Atherosclerosis | buildup of plaque in arteries |
| Hypertension | high blood pressure |
| What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? | To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the blood. |
| Which vein is most commonly used for venipuncture? | Median cubital vein. |
| What is the function of arteries? | Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. |
| What is the function of veins? | Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| What is the purpose of a tourniquet in phlebotomy? | To temporarily restrict venous blood flow and make veins easier to locate. |
| What is hemostasis? | The process that stops bleeding (includes vessel constriction, platelet plug, and clotting) |
| Which test is the most specific marker for heart damage (heart attack)? | Troponin. |
| Which test measures cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides? | Lipid panel. |
| What does PT/INR measure? | Blood clotting ability, often monitored in patients taking anticoagulants |
| What is BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) used for? | To evaluate heart failure. |
| What is arrhythmia? | An irregular heartbeat. |
| What is myocardial infarction (MI)? | A heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle |
| Which veins are alternative choices for venipuncture if the median cubital vein is unavailable? | Cephalic vein (lateral) and basilic vein (medial). |
| Why is the basilic vein less preferred for venipuncture? | It is close to major nerves and the brachial artery. |
| Which blood tests check electrolytes important for heart rhythm? | Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), and CO₂. |
| Systemic Circulation | blood flow between heart and body. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | blood flow between heart and lungs. |
