| A | B |
|---|
| 1. PA Skull (Caldwell) | CR: 15° caudad, exiting at nasion Position: OML perpendicular to IR Best seen: Frontal bone, frontal sinuses, superior orbital margins Petrous ridges: Lower 1/3 of orbits |
| PA Skull (0°) | CR: Perpendicular, exiting at nasion Position: OML perpendicular Best seen: Frontal bone, petrous ridges filling orbits |
| AP Axial (Towne) | CR: 30° caudad to OML (or 37° to IOML), entering 2.5" above glabella Position: OML/IOML perpendicular Best seen: Occipital bone, dorsum sellae within foramen magnum |
| Lateral Skull | CR: 2" superior to EAM Position: IPL perpendicular, IOML parallel to floor Best seen: Entire cranium, sella turcica, cranial walls superimposed |
| SMV (Submentovertex) | CR: Perpendicular to IOML, entering midway between gonions Position: IOML parallel to IR Best seen: Base of skull, sphenoid sinus, foramen ovale/spinosum |
| Waters (Parietoacanthial) | CR: Perpendicular, exiting at acanthion Position: MML perpendicular, OML at 37° angle to IR Best seen: Facial bones, orbits, maxillary sinuses Petrous ridges: Below maxillary sinuses |
| Reverse Waters | CR: Perpendicular, entering acanthion Position: MML as perpendicular as patient allows (trauma supine) Best seen: Facial bones/orbits (when patient cannot do standard Waters) |
| SMV for Zygomatic Arches | CR: Perpendicular to IOML, entering 1.5" below mandibular symphysis Best seen: Bilateral zygomatic arches |
| Oblique Inferosuperior (Tangential) Zygomatic Arch | CR: Perpendicular to IOML, entering zygomatic arch of interest Best seen: Single zygomatic arch (especially useful for depressed fractures) |
| Haas (Reverse Towne) | CR: 25° cephalad, entering 1.5" below external occipital protuberance, exiting 1.5" above nasion Best seen: Occipital bone, dorsum sellae within foramen magnum (alternative to Towne) |
