| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific Revolution | new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question old beliefs |
| heliocentric theory | sun is at the center of the universe |
| geocentric theory | view which held that the earth was the center of the universe |
| Galileo Galilei | scientist who was forced by the Catholic Church to take back scientific ideas that disagreed with the church's view |
| scientific method | logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas |
| Isaac Newton | Scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity |
| What helped bring about the Scientific Revolution? | European exploration of New Lands |
| What old belief about the universe did the new disoveries destroy? | that the Earth was the center of the universe |
| What thinkers helped advance the use of the scientific method? | Bacon and Descartes |
| How did the science of medicine change? | human anatomy, how the heart circulates blood, and vaccinations |
| Enlightenment | a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems (Age of Reason) |
| social contract | according to Thomas Hobbes, an agreement people make with government |
| John Locke | Philosopher who wrote about government (natural rights) |
| philosophes | social critics in France |
| Voltaire | writer who fought tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of Speech |
| Montesquieu | French writer concrened with government and political liberty (Checks and Balances) |
| Rousseau | Enlightenment thinker who championed freedom |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Author who wrote about women's rights |
| How were Hobbes and Locke's View different? | H= need a social contract because people are naturally evil L= people are born good with natural rights that government there to protect |
| Name the Types of Freedoms Voltaire Championed: | toleration, reason, freedom of religion and speech |
| Name the Types of Freedoms Montesquieu Championed: | separation of powers |
| Name the Types of Freedoms Rousseau Championed: | wanted society where all were equal (except women) |
| Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideals. | influenced the American and French Revolutions, spread ideas of progress, less religious and more worldy, stressed the importance of the individual |
| salon | social gathering for discussing ideas or enjoying art |
| baroque | grand, ornate style |
| neoclassical | simple style that borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome |
| enlightened despot | A ruler who supported Enlightenment ideas but did not give up power |
| Catherine the Great | Russian Ruler who took steps to reform and modernize Russia |
| Why were salons important? | safe place to spread enlightenment ideals |
| What new styles and forms appeared in art, music, and literature? | neoclassical, classical (sonata/symphony), and novels |
| In what ways was Frederick the Great typical of an Enlightened despot? | improved schools, religious freedom, reformed justice, but did not help serfs |
| Declaration of Independence | document declaring American independence from Britain |
| Thomas Jefferson | Author of the Declaration of Independence |
| checks and balances | system in which each branch of government checks, or limits, the power of the other two branches |
| federal system | system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| Bill of Rights | first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution |
| How did colonists'image of themselves clash with their status as colonists? | started to see themselves as Americans that self govern, but still had a king |
| Name some of the steps that led to the American Revolution: | French/Indian war cost, taxes anger colonists, boycotts/punishments =want independence |
| Explain how the Constitution divides power: | checks and balances, national and state governments, Bill of Rights gives power to the people |
