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| Codebender | An online programming tool that allows users to write, compile, and upload code to microcontrollers like Arduino through a web browser session on various operating systems. |
| Browser plug-in | A software extension installed in a web browser (such as Chrome or Firefox) to enable additional features, like connecting hardware devices to online tools for programming |
| Arduino Uno | A specific model of microcontroller board used for electronics projects |
| Microcontroller | A small computing device on a single integrated circuit that controls electronic components, such as the Arduino Uno, by running programmed instructions |
| COM port | A serial communication interface on computers (like Windows or Mac) used to connect and communicate with external devices |
| Circuit | An electrical pathway built with components like wires, LEDs, and resistors |
| Upload | The process of transferring compiled code from a programming environment to a microcontroller board |
| pinMode | An Arduino programming function used in the setup routine to configure a specific pin on the board as either an input or output |
| digitalWrite | An Arduino function that sets the state of a digital pin to either HIGH (on) or LOW (off) |
| delay | An Arduino function that pauses the execution of the program for a specified number of milliseconds |
| Digital Multimeter (DMM) | A handheld electronic measuring instrument used to quantify electrical properties such as resistance, voltage, and current, with settings for different ranges and a digital display for readings |
| Resistor | A passive electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electric current in a circuit, identified by color bands and measured in ohms |
| Breadboard | A reusable prototyping platform with interconnected holes for temporarily assembling and testing electronic circuits without soldering |
| Color Code | A standardized system of colored bands on resistors that represents their numerical resistance value |
| Tolerance | The permissible range of variation from a resistor's theoretical value, expressed as a percentage (such as 5% for gold-banded resistors) |
| Voltage | The electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V), which represents the force that drives electric current through components. |
