| A | B |
|---|
| Camillo de Cavour | Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who used realpolitik by manipulating France and Garibaldi and Redshirts to achieve national unification of Italy |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prime minister of Prussia who used realpolitik to unify Germany, through wars with Denmark, Austria, and France |
| Theodore Herzl | ewish nationalist who led Zionism movement to create Jewish state because of anti-semitism in Europe |
| Louis Napoleon | French nationalist who overthrew France's republic and established himself as emperor; ousted by Franco-Prussian War |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy, a romantic secret society that tried unsuccessfully to unify Italy |
| Charles Darwin | British scientist who developed theory of natural selection and evolution |
| Herbert Spencer | British philosopher who developed ideas about Social Darwinism |
| Friedrich Nietzsche | German philosopher who rejected democracy and Christianity; argued that the "supermen" of highest talent should run society |
| Alfred Dreyfus | French military officer who was a victim of anti-Semitism; accused of treason for supplying secrets to Germans; his trial galvanized French people |
| Rudyard Kipling | British author who wrote "White Man's Burden" and other imperialistic stories |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian who developed ideas about irrational nature of humans; id, ego, superego; psychoanalysis |
| Albert Einstein | German scientist who developed theories of relativity |
| Max Planck | German scientist who developed ideas about quantum physics and subatomic particles |
| Auguste Comte | French philosopher who developed positivism, the theory that scientific advances would continue to improve society |
| Berlin Conference | International meeting at which European leaders carved up Africa into overseas empires |
| Zulu War | Resistance movement in South Africa to British Imperialism |
| Sepoy Rebellion | Resistance movement in India to British imperialism |
| Boxer Rebellion | Resistance movement in China to European imperialism |
| romanticism | artistic style that glorified emotion, nature, medieval themes; Goya, Delacroix, Richard Wagner, Grimm fairy tales |
| realism | artistic style that portrayed everyday lives and struggles of ordinary and poor people; Charles Dickens, Tolstoy, Courbet |
| impressionism | artistic style that rejected naturalism and sought to capture effects of light with quick dabs of color; Monet, Manet |
| post-impressionism | artistic style that focused on subjectivity, modern society, and psychological painting; Van Gogh, Cezanne |
| cubism | artistic style that reduced forms to geometric shapes, rejecting realistic portrayals; Picasso |
