| A | B |
|---|
| Cell | Smallest unit of life with all characteristics of living organisms |
| Cell Membrane | Barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| Passive Transport | Movement of substances from high to low concentration that does not require energy |
| Diffusion | Passive movement of particles from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | Passive movement of water across a membrane |
| Active Transport | Movement of substances from low to high concentration requiring energy (ATP) |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance inside cells where cellular reactions occur |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell containing DNA |
| Organelle | Specialized structure within a cell with a specific function |
| Mitochondria | Organelles that convert nutrients into ATP to produce energy |
| Ribosome | Organelle that builds proteins by linking amino acids together |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Organelle involved in protein and lipid production |
| Rough ER | Endoplasmic reticulum covered with ribosomes that transports proteins |
| Smooth ER | Endoplasmic reticulum not covered with ribosomes; produces lipids and detoxifies substances |
| Golgi Apparatus | Organelle that packages and distributes proteins and lipids |
| Lysosome | Organelle that digests waste and damaged parts |
| Centrioles | Organelles that help organize cell division |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers providing structure and support to the cell |
| Mitosis | Cell division producing two identical cells; used for growth and repair |
| Meiosis | Cell division producing sex cells (egg/sperm) |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells working together |
| Epithelial Tissue | Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines organs and cavities |
| Muscle Tissue | Tissue that contracts to produce movement |
| Connective Tissue | Tissue that supports and connects structures, such as cartilage, bone, blood and fat |
| Nervous Tissue | Tissue that sends and receives electrical signals or impulses |
| Organ | Structure made of different tissues working together |
| Genetics | Study of inheritance of traits and characteristics |
| DNA | Molecule found in the cell nucleus that stores genetic instructions |
| RNA | Molecule that helps translate DNA instructions into proteins |
| Chromosome | Strand of DNA |
| Karyotype | Image or visual map of an individual's chromosomes |
| Gene | Region on a strand of DNA that contains the instructions for the creation of a specific protein |
| Polygenic Traits | Traits influenced by multiple genes, such as skin colour and height |
| Inheritance | Passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Dominant Trait | Trait expressed when only one copy of gene variation is present |
| Recessive Trait | Trait expressed only when two copies of the gene variation are present |
| Carrier | Individual with only one copy of a recessive gene who does not show the trait but can pass it to offspring |
| Mutation | Inheritance pathology involving a change or error in DNA sequence |
| Deletion | Inheritance pathology involving missing section of DNA |
| Addition | Inheritance pathology involving an added section of DNA |
| Genetic Disorder | Disease caused by genetic changes |
| Pathology | Study of disease |
| Protein Synthesis | Process of making proteins using DNA and RNA |
| Transcription | Copying DNA into mRNA |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA leaves the nucleus and is used to to build proteins |
| Amino Acid | Building block of proteins |
| 46 | Number of individual chromosomes in a normal body cell |
| 23 | Number of chromosomes in a sex cell (gamete) |
