| A | B |
|---|
| Flatus | Gas expelled through the anus. |
| Eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. |
| Borborygmi | Audible rumbling or gurgling sounds in the abdomen caused by movement of gas or fluid in the intestines. |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing. |
| Nausea | Unpleasant sensation leading to the urge to vomit. |
| Anorexia | Loss of appetite. |
| Emesis | Forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. |
| Pyrosis | Burning discomfort behind the sternum caused by acid reflux; heartburn. |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration of tissues due to elevated bilirubin. |
| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. |
| Constipation | Difficult or infrequent passage of stool. |
| Diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose watery stools. |
| Hematochezia | Passage of bright red blood in the stool. |
| Melena | Passage of black and tarry stool caused by digested blood; indicates upper GI bleeding. |
| Steatorrhea | Fatty, pale, foul-smelling stool caused by impaired fat digestion or absorption. |
| Periodontal Disease | Inflammation and infection of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. |
| Gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums; mildest form of periodontal disease |
| Dental Caries | Tooth decay caused by bacterial accumulation on teeth that produces acid that dissolves enamel |
| Stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth. |
| Aphthous Stomatitis | Canker sores or small ulcers inside the mouth. |
| Herpetic Stomatitis | Cold sores or blisters caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Chronic backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus; primarily caused by a weak lower esophageal sphincter. |
| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach lining. |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation extending from the stomach into the intestines. |
| Celiac Disease | Chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten; damages the villi of the small intestine. |
| Peptic Ulcer | Erosion of the digestive tract lining. |
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) | Bacterial infection commonly associated with peptic ulcers. |
| Ileus | Temporary loss of peristalsis preventing movement of intestinal contents. |
| Bowel Obstruction | Partial or complete blockage of the intestine. |
| Adhesion | Band of scar tissue between abdominal tissues or organs. |
| Volvulus | Bowel obstruction caused by twisting of the intestine |
| Intussusception | Telescoping of one section of intestine into another. |
| Hernia | Protrusion of an organ or tissue through a wall or muscle. |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Group of GI symptoms occurring without visible intestinal changes. |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | Autoimmune conditions causing chronic digestive tract inflammation. |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Inflammation and ulcers mainly affecting the lining of the colon and rectum. |
| Crohn Disease | Inflammation affecting the full thickness of the intestinal wall; occurs anywhere in the GI tract. |
| Diverticulosis | Formation of sac-like protrusions in the colon wall. |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of diverticula. |
| Hemorrhoids | Swollen varicose veins in the rectal region. |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver. |
| Hepatitis A | Viral hepatitis spread through contaminated food or water. |
| Hepatitis B | Viral hepatitis spread through blood and body fluids. |
| Hepatitis C | Viral hepatitis spread through blood-to-blood contact. |
| Cirrhosis | Progressive hardening, scarring, and shrinkage of the liver. |
| Fibrosis | Replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue. |
| Fatty Liver Disease | Fat deposits in the liver causing inflammation. |
| Cholelithiasis | Presence of gallstones in the gallbladder blocking the flow of bile. |
| Gallstones | Calculi formed from cholesterol bilirubin and calcium salts. |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder; often due to obstructed bile flow. |
| Biliary Atresia | Congenital failure of bile ducts to form properly. |
| Pancreatitis | Digestive enzymes attacking the pancreas causing inflammation |
| Liver Function Tests (LFTs) | Blood tests measuring liver enzymes and bilirubin. |
| Stool Culture | Test for microorganisms in feces. |
| Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) | Home test detecting trace amounts of blood (occult blood) in stool; form of screening for colon cancer. |
| Upper GI Series | X-ray imaging of the upper digestive tract after oral barium. |
| Barium Swallow | Upper GI imaging using swallowed barium. |
| Lower GI Series | X-ray imaging of the colon and rectum after barium insertion. |
| Barium Enema | Lower GI imaging using rectal barium. |
| Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | Visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope. |
| Anoscopy | Examination of the anus and lower rectum. |
| Abdominal Ultrasound | Ultrasound imaging of abdominal organs. |
| Antacids | Drugs that neutralize stomach acid to relieve pyrosis. |
| Antiulcer Agents | Drugs protecting the stomach lining. |
| Antidiarrheals | Drugs reducing diarrhea. |
| Laxatives | Drugs easing defecation. |
| Cathartics | Strong laxatives promoting rapid bowel evacuation. |
| Purgatives | Another term for cathartics. |
| Antiemetics | Drugs treating nausea and vomiting. |
| Laparoscopy | Visual examination of the abdomen using a laparoscope. |
| Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy | Surgical removal of the gallbladder using laparoscopy. |
| Nasogastric Intubation | Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach. |
| NG Tube | Tube passing through the nose into the stomach. |
| Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube) | Tube delivering nutrition directly into the stomach. |
| Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG Tube) | Long-term feeding tube placed endoscopically. |
| Ostomy | Surgically created opening for waste removal. |
| Paracentesis / Abdominocentesis | Surgical puncture of the abdomen to remove fluid (ascites). |
| Bariatric Surgery | Surgery used to achieve weight loss. |
| Anastomosis | Surgical connection between two normally separate structures. |
