| A | B |
|---|
| Dysuria | Painful or difficult urination, often caused by infection or inflammation. |
| Polyuria | Excessive urination, usually more than three litres per day. |
| Diuresis | Process of increased urine production. |
| Oliguria | Decreased urine output, often due to damage, dehydration, or urinary obstruction. |
| Anuria | Absence of urine output, usually caused by severe kidney damage or complete urinary tract obstruction. |
| Polydipsia | Increased thirst that can be triggered by polyuria. |
| Nocturia | Frequent need to urinate during the night. |
| Urinary Incontinence | Involuntary loss of control of the passage of urine. |
| Stress Incontinence | Incontinence that occurs with increased pressure on the bladder during coughing, sneezing, or laughing. |
| Urge Incontinence | Incontinence that occurs with inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void. |
| Enuresis | Involuntary urination in an individual old enough to have bladder control. |
| Nocturnal Enuresis | Bed-wetting. |
| Urinary Retention | Inability to completely empty the bladder. |
| Urinary Frequency | Need to urinate more frequently but with low volumes of urine. |
| Urinary Hesitancy | Difficulty starting or maintaining a urinary stream. |
| Proteinuria | Presence of protein in the urine, typically albumin; may suggest kidney damage or preeclampsia. |
| Albuminuria | Presence of albumin in the urine. |
| Glycosuria | Presence of sugar or glucose in the urine; associated with diabetes mellitus or excess blood sugar. |
| Ketonuria | Presence of ketones in the urine; often due to diabetes, fasting, or excess alcohol. |
| Hematuria | Presence of blood in the urine; often due to infection, stones, or kidney disease. |
| Bacteriuria | Presence of bacteria in the urine. |
| Pyuria | Presence of pus and/or white blood cells in the urine. |
| Hydronephrosis | Condition in which urine flow is blocked, causing the kidney to become swollen or distended. |
| Hydroureter | Swelling or distension of the ureter that can occur when blockage is farther down the ureter. |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | Inherited disorder in which the kidneys develop multiple fluid-filled cysts leading to kidney damage. |
| Nephrolithiasis | Presence of stones in the kidney. |
| Renal Calculi | Kidney stones. |
| Renal Colic | Pain caused by a kidney stone. |
| Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | Sudden compromise of kidney function due to infection, trauma, or other disorders. |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | Presence of kidney damage or decreased kidney function for three months or more. |
| End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) | Condition in which kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood and dialysis, transplantation, or supportive care is required. |
| Renal Failure | Condition in which kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood. |
| Cystocele | Hernia or pelvic organ prolapse where the bladder sags into the vagina due to weakened support structures. |
| Pelvic Organ Prolapse | Condition where pelvic support structures weaken, allowing an organ to sag from its normal position. |
| Overactive Bladder (OAB) | Condition where bladder muscles contract even when the bladder is not full, causing frequency, urgency, nocturia, and incontinence. |
| Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) | Idiopathic chronic pelvic condition causing pelvic pain and symptoms similar to overactive bladder. |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | Infection affecting structures of the urinary tract. |
| Urinalysis (UA) | Physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. |
| Creatinine Test | Blood test used to evaluate how efficiently the kidneys filter waste by measuring creatinine. |
| Creatinine | Waste product measured in blood to assess kidney filtering efficiency. |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | Calculation used to estimate kidney filtration based on creatinine and other factors. |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | Blood test measuring urea nitrogen to assess kidney health. |
| Urea | Waste product of protein metabolism normally cleared by the kidneys. |
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray (KUB) | Basic X-ray of urinary structures used to detect abnormalities such as kidney stones. |
| Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) | X-ray procedure using dye to evaluate kidney function and urine flow. |
| Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) | X-ray procedure using contrast dye in the bladder to assess urinary structure and function during filling and voiding. |
| CT Urography | CT imaging used to evaluate kidneys, bladder, and ureters for stones, tumours, or structural abnormalities. |
| Cystoscopy | Procedure using a cystoscope to view the bladder and urethra for tumours, stones, or other abnormalities. |
| Cystoscope | Instrument inserted to view the bladder and urethra. |
| Diuretics | Water pills that decrease sodium concentration in the blood and promote water excretion. |
| Antibiotics | Medications used to treat bacterial urinary tract infections. |
| Catheter | Tube placed in the body to drain urine from the bladder. |
| Indwelling Catheter | Catheter that remains in place to drain urine. |
| Foley Catheter | Type of indwelling catheter that remains in place. |
| Suprapubic Catheter | Indwelling catheter inserted through the lower abdomen into the bladder. |
| Intermittent Self-Catheter | Catheter inserted through the urethra only when voiding is needed. |
| Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL/ESWL) | Non-surgical procedure using high-energy shock waves to pulverize stones into smaller fragments. |
| Ureteroscopy | Surgical procedure using a ureteroscope to collect or break up stones in the ureter. |
| Ureteroscope | Instrument passed through the urethra and bladder into the ureter to access stones. |
| Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) | Surgical procedure using a small incision through the side or back to remove large or multiple kidney stones. |
| Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy | Crushing of kidney stones before removal through a percutaneous approach. |
| Dialysis | Process that removes excess water, dissolved substances, and waste products from the blood when kidneys can no longer effectively filter the blood. |
| Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) | At-home dialysis in which fluid fills the peritoneal cavity, absorbs waste and excess water, and is drained and replaced. |
| Hemodialysis (HD) | Dialysis in which blood passes through a dialyzer so wastes and excess fluid cross into dialysis fluid before blood returns to the body. |
| Renal Transplantation | Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient with renal failure. |
