| A | B |
|---|
| Three Sisters Farming | agricultural practice where corn, climbing beans, and squash are planted together in overlapping mounds |
| Iroquois Confederation | alliance of Indigenous nations in northeastern North America. It originally united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes, and later included the Tuscarora |
| Crusaders | a series of religious military campaigns backed by the Roman Catholic Church between the 11th and 13th centuries. European Christian knights fought to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control |
| Protestant Reformation | a 16th-century religious and political movement in Europe that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church |
| Inquisition | a deep, thorough investigation, or a harsh and long period of questioning |
| Caravel | a small, fast, and agile sailing ship created by the Portuguese in the 15th century |
| Conquistadors | a 16th-century Spanish or Portuguese soldier, explorer, and adventurer who led military campaigns to seize land and wealth in the Americas, Africa, and Asi |
| Pope's Rebellion | 1680, was a successful uprising of Indigenous Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico |
| Columbian Exchange | was the massive global transfer of plants, animals, foods, human populations, and diseases between the Americas (the New World) and Afro-Eurasia (the Old World) |
| Cultural Diffusion | he spread of cultural traits, ideas, practices, and items—such as food, music, beliefs, and technology—from one group or society to another. This process happens through human interaction, including trade, migration, travel, and |
| New England Colonies | northernmost of the 13 British colonies in North America. They included Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Settled largely in the 17th century by Puritans and Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, the region was defined by small towns, family farms, and maritime |
| Middle Colonies | four of the original Thirteen Colonies, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Known as the "breadbasket", this region featured rich soil, religious diversity, and a thriving export economy. |
| Southern Colonies | a group of five British colonies in North America—Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia—established during the 17th and 18th centuries. They featured a warm climate and fertile land, an economy based on plantation agriculture, and a heavy reliance on enslaved African labor |
| Mercantilism | an economic system from the 16th to the 18th century where governments tried to make their nation wealthy and powerful by selling more goods than they bought. |
| Navigation Acts | a series of 17th- and 18th-century English laws designed to regulate shipping and trade. They forced colonial and domestic trade to use British ships and ports, supporting mercantilist economic goals and limiting foreign competition |
| Colonization | is the act or process where a country or group of people takes control of a foreign territory, sends settlers to live there, and governs the local population. It often involves taking land, using local resources for profit, and changing the local culture |
| Triangular Trade | a system of three-way transatlantic exchanges; operated between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. |
| Plantation Economy | is an agricultural system built on the mass production of a few export-focused cash crops, grown on large estates and worked by coerced or enslaved labor. It relies heavily on international trade and creates a rigid social hierarchy dominated by wealthy landowners. |
| Cash crops | is an agricultural product grown specifically to sell for a profit on the market, rather than to feed the farmer's family or livestock. Tobacco, Cotton, Rice, & Indigo. |
| Joint Stock colony | is a territory granted by a king or queen to a trusted individual or small group (the proprietors). The owner held total power to make laws, sell land, and run the government, acting like a local ruler while still owing loyalty to the home country |
| Royal Colony | a territory ruled directly by a monarch through a royal governor and council appointed by the crown. Unlike self-governing or proprietary setups, the king or queen holds ultimate executive control over the administration and laws of the land |
| Proprietary Colony | is a territory granted by a king or queen to a trusted individual or small group (the proprietors). The owner held total power to make laws, sell land, and run the government, acting like a local ruler while still owing loyalty to the home country |
| Self-governing colony | a dependent region or territory that possesses an elected legislature and exercises control over its own internal and local affairs, while the overarching imperial or mother country retains ultimate authority over foreign policy, defense, and constitutional matters |
