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| Battle of Saratoga | 1777 was the major turning point of the American Revolutionary War. Fought in upstate New York, the American victory led to the surrender of an entire British army and convinced France to join the war as an American ally. |
| Patriot | was a resident of the Thirteen Colonies who fought or spoke against British rule during the American Revolution. Also called Whigs, rebels, or Continentals, these colonists wanted freedom from the king and supported the creation of an independent United States |
| Loyalist | was an American colonist who stayed faithful to the British king and government during the American Revolution |
| Battle of Cowpens | was a major American victory fought on January 17, 1781, in South Carolina. American forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan used a clever planned retreat to trap British troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War. Signed by American negotiators Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay alongside representatives of Great Britain, the document recognized the United States as a free and independent nation and set its initial borders |
| Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784 | the first peace agreement between the United States and the Iroquois Confederacy (Six Nations) after the American Revolutionary War. U.S. commissioners forced the Iroquois to surrender vast western land claims in New York, Pennsylvania, and the Ohio Valley. |
| Society of Cincinnatus | is the oldest patriotic and hereditary organization in the United States. Founded in May 1783 by veteran officers of the Continental Army near the end of the Revolutionary War, it was named after Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, a classical Roman citizen-soldier who saved his republic and then returned to his farm |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1785 | . It set up a system to survey, divide, and sell western lands to pay off national war debt. It split the land into six-mile-square townships and reserved section sixteen in each for public schools |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | May 20, 1785. It created a clear and orderly system for surveying, dividing, and selling the public lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Selling land was a way of raising money for government |
| Annapolis Convention | was a political meeting held from September 11 to 14, 1786, in Annapolis, Maryland. Officially called to fix trade barriers between states under the Articles of Confederation, only 12 delegates from five states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) showed up. Because attendance was so low, the group did not try to fix trade rules. |
| Shay’s Rebellion | an armed uprising in Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. Led by former Continental Army captain Daniel Shays, poor farmers and war veterans shut down courts to stop property foreclosures caused by heavy state taxes and debt. The revolt showed that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was too weak, which led to the creation of the U.S. Constitution |
| Constitutional Convention | a formal meeting of leaders to write or change a constitution |
| Constitution | is the highest law of a country or group. It sets the main rules for how the government works. It also lists the basic rights of the people |
| Va. Plan | a proposal for a strong national government with three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) and proportional representation based on population |
| Nj. Plan | called for a one-house (unicameral) legislature where every state received equal representation and one vote, protecting small states from larger ones. |
| Great Compromise | created a two-part Congress: the House of Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (two members per state) |
| Three-fifths Compromise | It stated that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for determining both congressional representation and direct federal taxation |
| Slave/Trade Compromise | importation of slaves until 1808 and not taxes on exports |
| Electoral College Compromise | 1787 Constitutional Convention to create an indirect method for choosing the U.S. President. It balanced opposing views by serving as a middle ground between election by Congress and a direct popular vote by citizens |
| Bill of Rights | is the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Ratified in 1791 |
| Federalist | were a late-18th-century political coalition that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and fought against the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. Supports Constitution as written |
| AntiFederalist/Democrat-Republican | were a late-18th-century political coalition that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and fought against the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. |
