| A | B |
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| Research has shown that television has what effect on children? | Children who watched a large amount of television displayed more violent behavior by age 19. |
| Who decides who and what is deviant? | Society |
| Does society's definition of deviance change? | yes |
| Behavior that departs from societal or group norms. | Deviance |
| What has been the trend in youth violence? | It has decreased |
| Deviance that fails to meet accepted norms. | Negative deviance |
| Deviance that leads to overconformity of the norms. | Positive deviance |
| A person who has violated one or more of society's most highly valued norms is called a __________. | Deviant |
| This is used to encourage conformity to society's norms. | Social control |
| What are the two types of social control? | Internal and External Social Control |
| This type of social control lies within the individual | Internal social control |
| When a norm has become a part of you, it is said it has been _________. | Internalized |
| Social control that comes from outside sources, such as law enforcement, is called ________ control. | External |
| External Sanctions can be both __________ and _____________. | Informal and Formal |
| Social sanction that includes ridicule, gossip, smiles. | Informal social control |
| Social control that may include imprisonment, low grades, official awards. | Formal Social control |
| Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to societal norms. | Social sanctions |
| This type of social sanction encourages conformity. | Positive social sanctions |
| This type of sanction stops inappropriate behavior. | Negative social sanctions |
| This sociological theory believes there are positive and negative affects of deviance. | Functionalism |
| What are some of the positive affects of deviance? | it clarifies norms, may be a safety valve for teens, increases unity within a society, creates jobs, promotes social change. |
| What are some of the negative affects of deviance? | erodes trust, if not punished it can cause nonconforming behavior in others, deviant behavior is expensive. |
| A social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent. | Anomie |
| This theory says deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means. | Strain Theory |
| In this aspect of strain theory, a person accepts the goal of success, but uses illegal means to achieve it. | Innovation |
| Robbery and drug dealing to achieve success would be what part of strain theory? | innovation |
| In this aspect of strain theory, a person rejects the goal of success, but continues to go through the motions. | Ritualism |
| A teacher who goes through the daily routine, but has no concern for the quality of their teaching or students is an example of which part of strain theory? | ritualism |
| In this part of strain theory, both the legitimate means and the approved goals are rejected. | Retreatism |
| Drug addicts or bag ladies that have dropped out of society by choice and not by circumstance would be an example of which type of strain theory? | Retreatism |
| In this portion of strain theory, a person rejects the goal and the means to achieve success, but substitutes a new set of goals and means to achieve it. | Rebellion |
| A member of a milita group would be an example of which part of strain theory? | rebellion |
| The stronger your attachments to groups or individuals, the _________ likely you are to conform. | more |
| The greater your commitment to social goals, the _______ likely you are to conform. | more |
| What affect does a person's involvement in approved social activities have on the probability of conformity? | it increases it |
| If a person believes in the norms and values of a society, do they tend to conform? | yes |
| In the nature vs. nurture debate, most sociologists would agree that _________ has the most dominant affect. | nurture- environment determines deviance |
| This sociological theory says that deviance is transmitted through socialization. | Symbolic Interaction |
| This theory says that people learn deviant behavior based on the number of deviant acts they are exposed to. | Differential association theory |
| The more people are exposed to people who break the law, the _______ likely they are to become criminals. | more |
| A person is more likely to copy deviant behavior from a _________ other than from people less important to him or her. | significant |
| Who learns deviant behavior more quickly, younger or older children? | younger |
| This theory says society creates deviance by identifying particular members of society as deviant. | Labeling theory |
| In this type of deviance, a person engages in only isolated acts of deviance. | Primary deviance |
| In this type of deviance, an individual's life and indentity are organized around breaking society's norm. | Secondary deviance |
| An undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual. | stigma |
| What are the consequences of labeling? | It can determine the direction of a person's life, it can cause a stigma |
| This social theory says the most powerful members of society determine who will be regarded as deviant. | Conflict Theory |
| This theory looks at deviance in terms of social inequality and social power. | Conflict Theory |
| This theory supports the idea that minorities receive unequal treatment in the American justice system. | Conflict Theory |
| Why are whites and minorities treated differently in the criminal justice system? | Minorities generally do not have the economic resources to buy good legal services, crimes against whites tend to be punished more severely than crimes against minorities, society sees minority interests as less important than the interests of whites, victim discounting |
| The process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status. | victim discounting |
| Any crime committed by respectable and high-status people in the course of their occupations. | white collar crime |
| What are some examples of white collar crime? | price fixing, insider trading, illegal rebates, embezzlement, and tax evasion |
| Which costs society more, white-collar crime or street crime? | white collar crime |
| What is distinctive about white collar crime? | It is usually treated more leniently, they usually receive probation and are less likely to be imprisoned. They are also more likely to be sent to prisons with better amenities |
| Where do we get most of our information about crime? | FBI's uniform crime reports |
| What has happened to the murder rate in the last two decades? | It has declined |
| Why are the uniform crime reports (UCR) not very reliable? | It overrepresents the lower class, some crimes are not reported, some people that are subject to arrest in public places are not subject to arrest in private places, 2/3 of all crimes are not reported, and white collar crime is seldom included. |
| These are surveys that are given to victims and they help make up for unreported crime. | National Crime Victimization Survey |
| This is the 3rd largest category of crime and is committed by people under the age of 18. | Juvenile crime |
| Juvenile delinquent behavior is deviance that only the _______ can commit. | young |
| What are some examples of juvenile delinquent behavior? | underage drinking and smoking, failing to attend school |
| This is comprised of institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal stutes. | Criminal justice system |
| The criminal justice system uses what four approaches? | deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation |
| This is discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment. | Deterrence |
| Deterrence only works if what two things are present. | If they know they are likely to get caught and if they know the punishment will be severe. |
| Has capital punishment led to a decrease in the murder rate? | no |
| This is the only country that locks up more of its own citizens than the United States does. | Russia |
| What two things tend to fuel the support for the death penalty? | Feelings of revenge and a desire for retribution |
| This is a type of punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts. | retribution |
| This is an approach to change or reform a criminal through socialization. | rehabilitation |
| This is repetition or return to criminal behavior. | recidivism |
| Why does recidivism occur? | Basic nature of offenders, influences from hardened criminals, stigma of being an ex-convict |
| Name three alternatives to prisons. | combination of prison and probation, community based programs, and diversion |
| This strategy is aimed at preventing or greatly reducing the offender's involvement in the criminal justice system. | Diversion |
| This is a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons. | Incarceration |
