| A | B |
|---|
| geocentric | theory that the planets revovle around the earth |
| scientific revolution | new way of thing about the natural world based on careful observations and a willingness to question beliefs |
| forces leading to scientific rev | muslim info on astromony, physics and math; discoveries of new species from exploration of new land; invention of printing press help spread challenging ideas; |
| heliocentric theory | sun is center of universe; developed by Copernicius |
| Nicholas Copernicious | published findins on heliocentric theory during last year of his life |
| Johness Kepler | assisted Tycho Brahe; brilliant mathematician that developed laws governing planetray motion, including law that planets rotate around the sun in elliptical orbits |
| Galileo Galilei | law of the pendulum; all objects fall at same speed; built first telescope; laws of motion; arrested by Catholic Church and forced to refute Copernian theory |
| Scientific method | methodical approach to discovery: 1) state problem; 2) hypothesize; 3) test in an experiment; 4) anlyze & interpet; 5) conclusion |
| Francis Bacon | believed in empircism or scientific method |
| Rene Descarts | developed analytical geometry; I think therefore I am; believed in general laws that can be expressed mathematically |
| Issac Newton | thoery of motion; law of gravitation ( objects attract each other); wrote Methematical Princlies of Natural Philosophy wherein God is like a clockmaker arranging the universe |
| Zach Jansenn | first microscope in 1590 |
| Leewenhoek | bacteria |
| Torricelli | barometer |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | thermometer |
| Vesalius | dissected human corpse |
| Jenner | smallpox vaccine |
| Boyle | Boyles Law of chemistry that volume, temperature and pressure of gass effect each other |
| Priestly | discover oxygen |
| Enlightenment | age of Reasons where methods of scientific method applied to other disciplines such as government, religion, economics |
| Thomas Hobbes | believed that people give up rights to a strong ruler through whih they gained law and order believed in an absolute monarchy; leviathian; |
| John Locke | believed people were more reasonable and should govern self; three natural rights: life, liberty and property where people have right to overthrow bad rulers; basis of modern democracy |
| social contract | Hobbes approach to government |
| philosphs | French social critics; believed reason should be applied to all aspects of life |
| reason | truth could be discoverd through reason or logical thinking |
| nature | philosphe believed that was was natural was good; they believed that there were natural laws of economics and politics |
| happiness | philosphes beleived in well being on earth |
| progress | philosphs belived in progress for society |
| liberty | philsophes believed in freedoms just like the english had achieved through revolution |
| Votaire | used satire to critique French rule; questioned Christianity, intolerance, wanted freedom of religion and speech |
| Montesquieu | studied polical liberty; believed in separation of powers like Brits with executive, legislative and adminstraive powers; Pwer should be a check to Power |
| Rousseau | individual freedom; believed that laws took away individual freedom;; believed in demoncracy formed by the people to protect individual rights. The Social Contract; equality of all people and down with nobility |
| Beccaria | ablish torture of of witnesses and criminals; punishment shoudl match crime; no capital punishment |
| Mary Wollencraft | Womens rights, education, policticss |
| impact of enlightenment | belief in progress, secular outlook, importance of the individual |
| Belief in progress | new scientific discoveries helped people to believe that they could change the world and solve social problems |
| secular outlook | people bagan to question religion and promote freedom of choice in religion |
| individualism | people themselves could judge right from wrong, and individuals acting themselves could affect the economy, |
| Votaire | Candide; book attacked optimism which held that all is right with the world |
| Jonathon Smith | Gullivers Travles |
| Goya | paintings satirized Spanish politics |
| Paris salons | social gatherings of artists, philosophers, writers and scientists where ideas were discussed and there were artistic performances |
| Madame Geoffirn | had most famous salon |
| Denis Diderot | first encyclopedia |
| spread of enlightenment | salons and encyclopedia helped |
| Baroque style | early 1600-1700; grand ornate, like Versailles, Bach, handel |
| Neoclassical style | art; renewed interest in balance and order like greeks;re-emerged during enlightnement |
| Classical style | music; Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven; sonatas and symphony |
| Novel | lengthy works of prose fiction |
