| A | B |
|---|
| Renaissance | French word meaning "rebirth" |
| Reformation | change in religious thought and life around 1500 AD |
| ancient, medieval, and modern | three divisions of all history |
| 1453 | fall of Byzantime Empire |
| 1455 | invention of printing press by Johann Gutenberg |
| 1492 | discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus |
| Dante Alighieri | wrote The Divine Comedy; greatest Italian poet |
| Nicolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince; best known for writing about politics |
| Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra | wrote Don Quixote, a story about an aging knight |
| Giotto | painted Jesus sucking his thumb |
| Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance man"; painted the Last Supper and Mona Lisa |
| Raphael | painted variety of subjects; painted The School of Athens |
| Michelangelo | painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the Pieta |
| Medici family of Florence | responsible for starting the middle class, investments, and banking and loans |
| middle class | people between the aristocracy and peasantry |
| patrons | supporters |
| Desiderius Erasmus | from the Netherlands; disagreed with certain church practices |
| John Wycliffe | Bible should be supreme authority; translated Bible into English |
| John Huss | Czech priest; taught following the Bible if Popes commands conflicted with it |
| theses | statements or arguments |
| Protestants | people who protested against the Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | started the Protestant Reformation by nailing up 95 theses |
| Pope Paul III | held the Council of Trent to mend religious differences |
| Council of Trent | a meeting to try to mend differences between Catholics and Protestants |
| Ignatius Loyola | started the Jesuits to reform the Catholic Church from within |
| Thirty Years' War | religious and political war between Catholics and Protestants |
| John Calvin | from France; taught people to work hard at obeying God's Word |
| astronomy | study of the universe beyond the earth |
| botany | study of plants |
| zoology | study of animals |
| physics | study of matter and energy |
| anatomy | study of the human body |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | discovered the sun-centered solar system |
| Galileo | improved the telescope |
| Johann Gutenberg | first to use movable type in Europe |
| queue | long Chinese pigtail; showed loyalty to Manchu rulers |
| Akbar | greatest Mogul emperor |
| Shah Jahan | Akbar's grandson; built the Taj Mahal |
| Taj Mahal | tomb for Shah Jahan's favorite wife |
| Aurangzeb | Shah Jahan's son; murdered his brothers to take throne |
| shogun | Japanese military leader |
| Tokugawa shoguns | military family who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867 |
| Suleiman | most powerful of all the Ottoman rulers |
