| A | B |
|---|
| cyclosis | movement of cytoplasm |
| fluid-mosaic model | the bi-lipid layer of the cell membrane |
| active transport | movement of materials across a membrane using cellular energy |
| passive transport | process by which materials move across a cell membrane without the use of energy |
| diffusion | the movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| exocytosis | process of transporting materials out of a cell by way of a vesicle |
| endocytosis | the process of transporting materials into a cell by way of a vesicle |
| pinocytosis | endocytosis of small particles and liquids |
| phagocytosis | process by which large particles are brought into a cell by endocytosis |
| transport | process by which substances move into, out of, or are distributed within cells |
| circulatory system | transport system in large or complex organisms (study the rules!) |
| hemoglobin | iron-containing pigment in blood; helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| closed circulatory system | blood is always contained within tubes or vessels in the body |
| capillaries | extremely small vessels where diffusion of materials takes place |
| open circulatory system | blood is not always in tubes, but flows directly into body spaces - like a grasshopper |
| arteries | thick, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | thin, slightly elastic vessels with valves that carry blood toward the heart |
| arterioles | tiny arteries |
| venules | tiny veins |
| varicose veins | occur when the valves of veins malfunction |
| heart | pump in complex organisms |
| pericardium | tough membrane that surrounds and protects the heart |
| atria | two, upper, thin-walled chambers of the heart |
| ventricles | two, lower, thick-walled chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and body |
| septum | separates the heart; prevents oxygen poor blood from mixing with oxygen rich blood |
| atrioventricular valves | allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles |
| tricuspid valve (the way we learned) | three flaps; AV valve; right side |
| bicuspid valve (the way we learned) | two flaps; AV valve; left side |
| semilunar valves | allow blood to flow from ventricles into the arteries |
| diastole | heart relaxes; AV valves open, atria empty, ventricles fill |
| systole | heart contracts; semilunar valves open, atria fill, ventricles contract |
| heart murmur | malfunction of the valves of the heart |
| sinoatrial node | specialized muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium that regulates heartbeat |
| atrioventricular node | controls contraction of the ventricles |
| pacemaker | installed in a person to help regulate an irregular heartbeat |
| pulse | the expansion of an artery after the left ventricle contracts |
| sphygmomanometer | used to measure blood pressure |
| pulmonary circulation | removes carbon dioxide from blood |
| systemic circulation | begins with L. ventricle; transports materials to body cells |
| coronary circulation | supplies blood and nutrients to muscles of the heart |
| hepartic-portal circulation | picks up nutrients in blood, carries blood to liver, maintains glucose balance |
| renal circulation | carries blood to kidneys; filters blood |
| lymphatic system | system of vessels that keeps blood moist and prevents body tissues from swelling |
| lymph | fluid carried in blood capillaries; intercellular fluid |
| lymph nodes | on lymphatic vessels; filter foreign matter and defend against disease |
| spleen | organ that filters bacteria and worn out RBCs |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood |
| red blood cells | disk shaped, non-nucleated cells with hemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| white blood cells | leukocytes; colorless cells with nuclei that defend against disease |
| platelets | cell fragments used to clot blood |
| neutrophils | phagocytosis of small particles; WBC |
| monocytes | large WBC; phagocytosis of large particles |
| eosinophils | WBC; combat allergies |
| basophils | WBC; release histamine; causes inflammation |
| lymphocytes | WBC; involved in immune response |
| immune system | protective function of the blood that attacks foreign invaders |
| pathogens | viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms that cause disease |
| first-line defense | physical and chemical barriers |
| second-line defenses (inflammatory response) | swelling, redness; attracts phagocytes |
| third-line defense | pathogen is remembered; antibodies immediately produced |
| immunity | ability of the body to fight infection through the production of antibodies |
| immune response | the production of antibodies or cells that inactivate foreign substances |
| antigen | any substance that causes an immune response |
| primary immune response | antigen enters body for the 1st time; antibodies made in 10-15 days |
| secondary immune response | antigen re-enters body; 1-2 days for antibodies to build up |
| active immunity | body produces own antibodies; due to having disease or vaccine |
| passive immunity | borrowed immunity; from another person or animal; maternal immunity |
| Rh factors | antigens found on RBCs; 1st found in rhesus monkeys |
| erythroblastis fetalis | fatal form of infant anemia caused by Rh incompatibility between infant and mother |
| universal donor | O; blood does not contain A or B antigens |
| universl recipients | AB; does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies |
| AIDS | attacks helper T cells and weakens immune system |
| Atherosclerosis | fatty material sticks to the inside of arteries (thickening of arteries) |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of arteries; less elastic |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| angina pectoris | pain caused by too little blood flow in coronary blood vessels |
| coronary thrombosis | coronary blood vessels blocked; heart attack |
| anemia | low oxygen in blood; too few RBCs; too little hemoglobin |
| hemophilia | cannot clot blood |
| autoimmune disease | immune system attacks own body; MS; diabetes; Rheumatic fever |
| xylem | carrys nutrients upwards in a plant |
| phloem | plant vascular tissue that transports materials downward |
| vaccine | dead or weakened pathogens injected in a human to build up anitbodies and immunity |
