| A | B |
|---|
| What is karyotype? | a picture of chromosomes during mitosis |
| Humans have.. | 46 chromosomes |
| 22 pairs or 44 chromosomes are called... | autosomal chromosomes or autosomes |
| 1 pair or 2 chromosomes are... | sex chromosomes |
| All egg cells carry.... | a single X chromosome (23X) |
| Sperm cells carry... | an X chromosome (23X) and others carry a Y chromosome (23Y) |
| What is a pedigree chart? | shows the relationships within a family; shows how a trait is transmitted through three generations of a family |
| What is a polygenic trait? | trait that is controlled by many genes |
| Heredity and the environment can interact and have... | effect of light on the production of chlorophyll, effect of temperature on hair color in Himalayan rabbits; identical twin studies |
| Blood groups... | are genetically determined, and are determined by multiple alleles |
| What are the ABO blood groups? | A, B, AB, O |
| Rh blood groups can be... | positive or negative |
| What is cystic fibrosis (CF)? | common in people with Northern European ancestry; symptoms include serious digestive problems, thick heavy mucous clogs lungs and breathing passageways |
| What causes cystic fibrosis (CF)? | a recessive allele on chromosome 7--the deletion of 3 bases in the middle of a sequence for a protein |
| What is sickle cell disease? | genetic disorder found in African Americans and characterized by bent and twisted shape of red blood cells--causes them to be more rigid and makes it easier for them to get stuck in capillaries |
| What are symptoms of sickle cell disease? | physical weakness, damage to brain, heart, spleen, may be fatal |
| What causes sickle cell disease? | caused by a change in 1 DNA base--the amino acid valine is inserted in place of glutamic acid |
| What are sex linked genes? | trait controlled by sex of the individual and is carried on an X chromosome |
| Females are XX and have... | 2 alleles for each sex linked trait--they may express the trait or may be a carrier for a trait |
| Males are XY and have... | 1 allele for sex linked traits--recessive alleles will always be expressed |
| Some sex linked traits include... | hemophelia, color blindness, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
| Nondisjunction is... | homologous chromosomes fail to separate--most common error during meiosis, abnormal # of chromosomes may result in gametes |
| Down's Syndrome is an example of... | nondisjunction--there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (total of 3 copies) |
| Turner's Syndrome and Klinefelters Syndrome of examples of... | sex chromosome disorders |
| In Turner's Syndrome... | female sex organs do not develop at puberty (XO) |
| In Klinefelter's syndrome... | males are unable to reproduce (XXX) |
| Human DNA analysis includes... | testing for alleles and DNA fingerprinting |
| To test for alleles... | labeled DNA probes used to detect specific sequences, changes in restriction enzymes cutting sites and differences in lengths of normal and abnormal alleles. |
| DNA fingerprinting... | analyzes sections of DNA that have little or no known function but vary widely from 1 individual to another; blood, sperm, and hair may be used |
| The Human Genome Project... | attempt to sequence all human DNA, |
| What is gene therapy? | process of changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder |
| What is a carrier? | one of the females X chromosomes contains the recessive sex linked trait |
