| A | B |
|---|
| Nationalism | the belief that one's greatest loyalty shouold be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history |
| Nation-state | National group that has its own government |
| Balkans | Region under the control of the Ottoman Empire |
| Bismarck | Practioner of "realpoltik"; force behind the unification of Germany |
| Blanc | Radical during the 1848 revolution in France that wanted social and economic reform |
| Bundestrat | Upper house in the Germany legislature; delegates were selected by the states senates |
| Cavour | Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who was instrumental in the unification of Italy |
| Ausgleich | Compromise of 1867 that created the Dual Monarch of Austria-hungary |
| Edict of Emancipation | Issued by Tsar Alexander II which ended serfdom by creating the mir system |
| Mir System | Communal owership of land by the recently freed serfs of Russia |
| Garbaldi | Leader of the Red Shirts that was instrumental in uniting southern Italy to Sardinia-Piedmont |
| Kaiser William I | First ruler of the Second Reich; crowned ruler of a united Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles |
| Louis Kossuth | Hungarian journalists who led a revolution of Hungarians in 1848 against the Austrian Empire |
| Lamartine | Radical leader of the 1848 revolution in France who pushed for political reform |
| Law of Guarantees | Agreement that created Vatican City |
| Leopold of Hohenzollern | Relative of William I of Prussia who was offered the throne of Spain after Isabella II was overthrown |
| Lord Byron | British poet who wrote in defense of Greek independence who lost his life in the effort |
| Mazzini | Italian who founded the Young Italy movement |
| Reichstag | Lower house in the Germany parliament; elected by universal male suffrage |
| Treaty of London | Recognized the independence of Greece (1830) |
| Organic Statute | Document issued by Tsar Nicholas I that ordered the Russification of Poland |
| Belgians | National group that won their independence from the Dutch |
| Louis-Philippe | Bourgeois king of France; came to power in 1830 |
| Crimean War | Russian initiated war against the Ottoman Empire |
| Zollverein | A free trade zone that included all the major German states except Austria |
| Isabella II of Spain | Monarch of Spain who loss of the throne gave Bismarck his opening for a war with France |
| Seven Weeks' War | War between Austria and Prussia |
| Venetia | Territory gained by Italy because they side with Prussia in the Seven Weeks' War |
| Battle of Sedan | Event at which Napoleon III was captured by the Prussians |
| Alsace and Lorraine | Territory gained by Prussia by the Treaty of Frankfurt |
| Treaty of Frankfurt | Agreement that ended the Franco-Prussian War |
| William Talbot | Inventor of a light-sensitive paper used to produce photographic negatives |
| George Sand | Pen name of Amandine Aurore Dupin |
| Gothic Novel | Popular romantic novels that often took place in medieval gothic castles |
| Emile Zola | Realist writer who exposed the miseries of French workers in small shops, factories, and coal mines |
