| A | B |
|---|
| arable land | land that can be used to grow crops |
| extinct volcano | a volcano that will never again erupt |
| forum | a public place where people could meet and exchange goods and ideas |
| Alps | northern border of Italy, highest point 15,771 feet |
| Apennines | runs the length of the peninsula, called the spine of the Italian peninsula |
| Tyrrhenian Sea | west of the peninsula |
| Adriatic Sea | east of the peninsula |
| Mediterranean Sea | south of the peninsula |
| Italian peninsula | shaped like a high-heeled boot approximately 700 miles long by less than 100 miles wide for much of its lengthby |
| How did geography affect the way early people of the Italian peninsula traded? | Few harbors and not too rugged land meant that people traded more with each other than with people overseas |
| Why was the area along the Tiber River a good place to settle? | There was good farm and pasture land. |
| What advantages did the site of Rome offer? | It had good farmland and resources for building. It had hills and an inland location for defense. |
| Where is the Italian penisula located? | just west of the Balkan peninsula, just south of the Alps and bordered by the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, and Mediterranean Seas |
| How did geography contribute to the rise of Roman civilization? | The site of Rome offered fertile farmland, hills for protection, and a waterway for transportation. |
| a republic | Roman form of government in which wealthy Roman leaders elected officials to make all government decisions |
| consuls | two were elected annually by the Roman assembly to lead the army, serve as judges, and acted for the citizens of Rome |
| dictator | is a ruler with complete authority |
| senate | a governing body that advised consuls, only some of Rome's citizens could hope for this position |
| patricians | controlled Roman government, were descendants of Rome's earliest settlers |
| plebeians | farmers, merchants, soldiers, and craftworkers |
| tribunes | special officials who were elected by the plebeians, attended meetings of the senate and could veto any lawsthey did not like |
| veto | refuse to agree to |
| What form of government did the Romans set up after they freed themselves from Etruscan rule? | a republic |
| Etruscan monarchy | ruled Rome for approximately 100 years, Romans then rebelled and formed a republic |
| How was Roman society divided? | into three classes-upper, lower, and slaves |
| What lands did Rome conquer between 500 B.C. and 146 B.C.? | the peninsula of Italy and Greece, Macedonia, and parts of southwestern Asia, and northern Africa |
| What kind of ruler was Caesar? | a dictator |
| What three forms of government did Rome have between about 600 B.C. and 44 B.C.? | monarchy, republic, and dictatorship |
| What caused each change in Rome's government? | after suffering under a monarch Romans rebelled and formed a republic, also Rome changed to a dictatorship when there was conflict and disorder |
| 31 B.C. | Octavian and Antony meet in great sea battle at Actium in Greece, Octavian is victorious |
| 27 B.C. | the Roman senate gives Octavian the title Augustus or "respected or holy one" |
| Who became Rome's first emperor? | Augustus (Octavian) |
| Pax Romana | Roman peace and unity from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. |
| census | a count of a country's people, used tomake sure all people paid their taxes |
| legions | well- trained army group consisting of almost 6,000 soldiers |
| How did the army's roads unite the people of the Roman Empire? | They made the exchange of goods and ideas from all over the empire possible |
| basilicas | huge marble government buildings |
| gladiators | slaves and prisoners who were forced to fight, often to the death |
| acid rain | is rainwater mixed with gasesfrom burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, damages the stone of buildings and monuments |
| aqueduct | is a system of bridges and canals used to carry water from place to place |
| What kinds of buildings were put up in Rome? | government offices, libraries, temples, and public baths |
| Virgil | wrote the Aeneid, an important piece of Roman literature |
| In what ways did the arts and literature help unite the peoples of the Roman Empire? | Roman works of art and literature brought out patriotic feelings |
| Why did the Romans want everyone to respect the gods? | They believed that harm would come to to the Roman Empire |
| parable | a story that teaches a religious idea |
| messiah | someone who will come to bring justice to the world |
| disciples | followers (Jesus) |
| How did Jesus spread his ideas? | by traveling through Judaea, teaching |
| crucifixion | to be nailed to a cross and left to die |
| Christianity | the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ |
| apostles | a group of twelve men who had been Jesus' closest followers, plus one that joined later |
| How did the teachings ofJesus continue to spread after his crucifixion? | through his disciples |
| persecute | to punish him or her for following certain religious beliefs |
| martyrs | people who are willing to die for their beliefs |
| A.D. 313 | Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity an accepted religion |
| How did Roman persecution affect the Christians? | it made the Christians hold on to their beliefs more strongly |
| A.D. 30 | Pontius Pilate ordered that Jesus be put to death by crucifixion |
| A.D. 392 | Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire under the rule of emperor Theodosius |
| Gospels | means "good news", described Jesus' life, death and resurrection, consists of 4 books, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John |
| New Testament | this part of the Christian Bible tells about the life and teachings of Jesus and his followers |
| pope | is head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| How did the support of Roman emperors affect Christianity? | Christianity grew and became more organized |
| Old Testament | contains the books of the Hebrew Bible |
| barbarians | outside attackers which the Greeks thought their languages sounded like "bar, bar, bar" |
| What problems did the Romans face during much of the A.D. 200's? | Outsiders threatened the empire on three sides |
| vandal | one of the attacking Germanic tribes, today the word means someone who purposely damages property |
| How did the Roman Empire divide into two parts? | Diocletian split the empire into an eastern part and a western part to better manage it |
| What Germanic tribes attacked the Roman Empire? | Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Angles, Saxons, and Franks |
| How did Roman rule end in the western part of the Roman Empire? | The Germanic chief Odoacer overthrew the western Roman emperor, and the western part was split into several kingdoms ruled by different tribes |
| Why did Roman rule weaken in the western part of the empire? | because of outside attackers, poor leadership, mistrust in government, and a suffering economy |
| barbarians | the name given to outsiders by the ancient Greeks , because they sounded like they werte saying , "bar, bar, bar". |
| Whaty problems did the Romans face during much of the A.D. 200's? | Outsiders threatened the empire on three sides. |
| How did the Roman Empire divide into two parts? | Diocletian split the empire into an eastern part and a western part to better manage it. |
| vandal | someone who purposely damages property. |
| How did Roman rule end in the western part of the Roman Empire? | The Germanic chief Odoacer overthrew the western Roman emperor, and the western empire split into several kingdoms ruled by different tribes. |
| A.D. 395 | Roman Empire splits into two |
