| A | B |
|---|
| revolution | turning round or a complete change |
| Nocolaus Copernicus | Wrote the book , On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies |
| astronomy | science that deals with the study of the star, planets, sun, moon, and other bodies in space |
| Claudius Ptolemy | Believed that the earth stood still and the sun, moon, and planets revolved around the earth |
| What did Copernicus believe? | He showed that the sun is the center about which the earth and planets revolve |
| Galileo Galilei | Studied pendulums, objects of different weights reached the ground at the same time, used a telescope to see the moon and planets |
| Inquistition | a special church court |
| Why was Galileo ordered to stop writing that the earth moved? | to stop the spread of Cpernicu's ideas |
| Gabriel Fahrenheit | invented a thermometer to measure temperatures |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | had a microscope so powerful that he could see microorangisms |
| Why were new instruments important for the development of the sciences? | The use of instruments made it possible for more accurate observations and experiments .Observations and experiments changed the ways that people thought. |
| James Watt | developed a more efficient steam engine |
| Industrial Revolution | inventions that greatly changed the ways people worked |
| factories | buildings in which goods are manufactured |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin,a machine that cleaned the cotton fiber by separating it from the seeds |
| Why did the use of water-powered machines chand the places where people worked? | The water wheels that supplied power for the machines had to be located near waterfalls or by dams on streams. As a result, factories replaced some home workshops |
| What happened when steam engines took the place of water wheels? | Machines had to be connected by wheels and belts to the steam engine that made them go , so worker still had to come to factories. |
| Why did factories hire children? | Children did not have to be paid as much as adults and it did not take a lot of skill to tend a machine |
| How did the use of steam bring with it the growth of towns and cities? | Workers had to live near the factoires where they worked. They were crowded and filled with smoke. |
| What were some advantages of living in an industrial city.? | Manchester was one of the first cities to provied free public parks and library. Business people were quicker to try new ways of living because they were accustomed to seeing new inventions work in factories |
| standard of living | measure of how well people live. |
| capital | wealth in fthe form of goods or money used for making more goods |
| profit | a financial gain after paying the costs of workers and materials to produce something |
| capitalist | a person who provides the capital for a business |
| free enterprise | people had choices about how to make and spend their money |
| Parliment | law making body made up of two groups of people ; nobles and bishops met as the House of Lords and representatives of the commoners formed the House of Commons |
| constitutional monarchy | monarchs rule according to a constitution or basic law |
| Bill of Rights | a law setting limits on the royal power |
| Glorious Revolution | a bloodless revolution in which the monarchs were not above the law |
| What problems did France face in 1789? | There was a different set of laws for the nbles and the common people. Nobles had the best land, yet paid no taxes, held high positions in government and in the Church. The Church collected taxes from the common people and they paid for the government. |
| guillotine | a device for beheading people |
| What changes did the Revolution make in France? | The king's powers were limited, the nobles lost privileges, the Church lost most of its lands, and serfdom was abolished. |
| Radicals | people who want to make extreme or very great changes in a short amount of time |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | seized control of the French government in 1799 who crowned himself Emperor Napoleon . He defeated France's enemies on the mainland, however he made a mistake and Russia would not surrender . |
