| A | B |
|---|
| deviance | behavior that departs from societal or group norms |
| negative deviance | involves behavior that underconforms to accepted norms |
| positive deviance | involves behavior that overconforms to social expectations |
| deviant | a person who breaks significant societal or group norms |
| social control | ways to encourage conformity to society's norms |
| social sanctions | rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms |
| anomie | a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent |
| strain theory | theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means |
| control theory | theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society |
| differential association theory | theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to |
| labeling theory | theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant |
| primary deviance | deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept |
| secondary deviance | deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms |
| stigma | an undersirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual |
| victim discounting | process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status |
| white-collar crime | job-related crimes committed by high-status people |
| crime | acts committed in violation of the law |
| criminal justice system | system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes |
| deterrence | discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment |
| retribution | punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts |
| incarceration | a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons |
| rehabilitation | process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization |
| recidivism | a repetition of or return to criminal behavior |
