| A | B |
|---|
| Muhammad | a merchant from Mecca who started a new religion called Islam |
| Koran | the holy book of the muslims |
| Islam | means submission to Allah |
| infidels | those who did not follow the Muslim religion |
| 622 A.D. | Muhammad was forced to leave the city of Mecca |
| Kaaba | a temple in Mecca where many gods were worshipped |
| Hegira | the first year of the Islamic calendar. This is also when Muhammad fled the city of Mecca. |
| jihad | a holy war to the Muslims |
| caliphs | men who led the Muslims after Muhammad's death |
| Abu-Bakr | the first successor after Muhammad's death. Led the Muslim army into the Arabian Peninsula. |
| Khalid ibn al-walid | a Muslim general who conquered Syria and Egypt from the Persians and Byzantines. |
| Dome of the Rock | a mosque in Jerusalem believed to be the site of Muhammad's ascension into heaven. |
| Emperor Leo III | ruled beginning in A.D. 717. defeated a Muslim naval atack against Constantinople. |
| Greek Fire | an explosive mixture that burst into flames when it hit the water. |
| caesaropapist | a ruler claiming to have authority over both state and church. |
| icons | sacred pictures and statues of Jesus and the saints. |
| 726 A. D. | Leo order the destruction of all icons because he thought the earthquake was a judgement from God. |
| Pope Gregory III | tried to stop Leo from destroying the Icons. The church split as a result. |
| Eastern Orthodox Church | when the church divided, the eastern part was Byzantium and led by the patriarch |
| Roman Catholic Church | the western part of the church led by the Pope. |
| 843 thru 1025 A.D. | the most powerful years of the Byzantine Empire |
| Michael III | reorganized the University of Constantinople. |
| Basil I | oversaw the regision of the law |
| Cyril and Methodius | translated the bible into Slavic |
| Basil II | called the "bulgar Slayer" was the most unusualy emperor. Devoted warrior. Blinded captured soldiers. |
| Emperor Alexius Comnenus I | in 1096 asked the Pope in Rome for help fighting the Turks. |
| Urban II | A Pope who organized all the knights in Europe to a Crusade against the Turks. Were suppose to go to Byzantium but went to Jesusalem. The First Crusade |
| Fourth Crusade | Venetians sailed knights to fight Saladin in Egypt but instead went to Constantinople and rescued it from Turks (A.D. 1024) |
| Venetians and Crusaders | ruled Constantinople from 1204 to 1261. |
| Michael VIII | restored the Byzantine government in Constantinople in 1261. |
| Ottoman Turks | In 1371 conquered all of the Byzantine Empire |
| Constantine XI | last emperor of Byzantine Empire |
| Muhammid II | led the Muslim army and took the city of Constantinople from Constintine XI in 1453. |
