| A | B |
|---|
| Paleo-Indians | Crossed a land bridge following food source |
| Berengia | Land bridge formed during last ice age between Asia and North America |
| Leif Eriksson | Led Vikings to North America |
| Feudalism | Vassals pledged loyalty to lord for protection |
| William of Normandy | Conquered England in 1066 |
| King John | Signed Magna Carta in 1215 |
| Magna Carta | King agreed to give up some of his power |
| Crusades | Series of Holy Wars between Christians and Moslems over control of Jerusalem |
| Successful Failure | Crusades--Never regained control of Jerusalem, but Crusaders returned home with new ideas and products |
| Caravel | New Type of sailing ship with a rudder |
| Astrolabe | An instrument that measured a ship's latitude |
| Compass | Chinese invention that allowed sailors to find true north |
| Movable type | Johannes Gutenberg's invention that led to printing press |
| Cause for Age of Exploration | Europeans looking for faster, safer trade routes to East |
| Venice, Italy | Had monopoly on trade using Mediterranean Sea |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Set up a school to teach better sailing methods |
| Vasco da Gama | First to successfully sail around tip of Africa to India |
| Christopher Columbus | Believed he could reach East by sailing West |
| Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand | Financed Columbus' voyages for Spain |
| Columbus' 3 ships | Pinta, Nina, Santa Maria |
| San Salvador | "Holy Savior" name of island first landed on by Columbus |
| "Indians" | Name given by Columbus to first people he saw |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Explored coast of S. America, the "new world" was named after him |
| Vasco de Balboa | First European to see the Pacific Ocean, he named in "South Sea" |
| Ferdinand Magellan | His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Cabral | Portuguese explorer who landed in present day Brazil |
| Line of Demarcation | Pope drew this line to avoid war between Spain and Portugal |
| "Conquistador" | Spanish word for Conqueror |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire of Peru |
| Hernan Cortez | Conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico |
| Hernando de Soto | First European to cross the Mississippi River. Credited for "discovering" Arkansas |
| Ponce de Leon | First governor of Puerto Rico, and looked for "Fountain of Youth" |
| Francisco de Coronado | Looked for the golden Seven Cities of Cibola |
| Queen Elizabeth I of England | Wanted to compete with Spain for riches |
| "Sea Dogs" | Pirates sent by Queen Elizabeth to attack Spanish ships and steal their gold |
| Spanish Armada | Defeated by English Navy |
| "Northwest Passage" | Europeans constantly searched for a water route through the N. Amer. Continent |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who discovered St. Lawrence River |
| Henry Hudson | Eng. sea captain who sailed for Dutch. Sailed into New York up a river named for him |
| Samuel de Champlain | Settled first permanent Fr. settlement in Quebec |
| Marquette and Joliet | Priest and Trapper who exlored upper Mississippi River |
| "Calumet" | Peace Pipe carried by Marquette and Joliet |
| Robert de la Salle | Explored lower Miss. River to Gulf of Mexico, named Miss. River valley Louisiana |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | Famous "Sea Dog" who arranged for settlement of Roanoke |
| Sir Francis Drake | Most famous "sea dog" |
| "Golden Hind" | Ship of Sir Francis Drake |
| Bartholomew de las Casas | Spanish priest who spoke out on behalf of Indians that were being enslaved by Spaniards |
