| A | B |
|---|
| Extensors | straighten joints |
| Flexors | bend joints |
| Adductors | move appendages toward midline |
| Abductors | move appendages away from midline |
| Pronators | turn dorsal surface of a limb anteriorly |
| Supinators | turn ventral surfaces of a limb anteriorly |
| Levators | raise structures |
| Sphincters | close openings |
| Superficial fascia | white fibrous membrane consisting of elastic fibers and fat |
| Deep fascia | tough fibrous membrane which invests the individual muscle |
| Xiphihumeralis, Pectoantebrachialis, Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor | work together to rotate forlimb and draw it to the chest |
| Clavobrachialis, Clavotrapezius | work together to extend humerus; assist in turning head and flexing elbow |
| Pronator teres | rotates radius to prone position |
| Palmeris longus | flexor of the wrists and digits |
| Flexor carpi radialis | flexes wrist (radius side) |
| Sternomastoid | turns head |
| Masseter | elevates mandible |
| Spinotrapezius | draw scapula posteriorly; assists in holding 2 scapulae together |
| Latissimus dorsi | pulls forelimb dorsally and posteriorly |
| Acromiodeltoid, Spinodeltoid | raise and rotate humerus |
| Triceps brachii | extend elbows |
| Extensor carpi ulneris | extends carpal joints (ulnar side) |
| Extensor digitorum | extends digits |
| Biceps brachii | flexor of the elbow |
| Gluteus medius | assists in abducting the thigh |
| Adductor femoris | adducts thigh |
| Muscles that make up the Quadriceps femoris | Vastus laterallis; Vastus medialis; Rectus femoris; Vastus intermedius |
| Quadriceps femoris | extends the knee |
| Semitendinosus | flexes the knee |
| Semimembranous | draws thigh posteriorly |
| Gastrocnemius | extensor of the foot |
| Tibialis anterior | flexes foot |
