| A | B |
|---|
| Agency Shop Agreement | Clause that says employers may hite non-union workers; employees are not required to join the union but must pay a union fee |
| American Federation of Labor | An organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues, founded in 1866 |
| arbitration | An agreement to bring in an impartial third party to render a binding decision in a labor dispute |
| bargaining zone | Range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider |
| certification | Process of a union's becoming recognized by the National Relations Board as the bargainin agent for a group of employees |
| closed shop agreement | Clause in a labor-management agreement that specified that workers had the right to be members of a union before being hired (outlawed in 1947) |
| collective bargaining | The process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract for the workers |
| comparable worth | The concept that people in jobs that require similar levels of education, training or skills should receive equal pay |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) | Union organizations of unskilled workers; broke away from the AFL in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955 |
| cooling-off period | When workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations |
| craft union | An organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft trade |
| decertification | The process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them |
| employee stock ownership plans (ESOP) | Programs that enable employees to buy part or total ownership of the company |
| givebacks | Concessions made by Union members to management form previous labor negotiations |
| grievance | A charge by employees that management is not abiding by the terms of the negotiated agreement |
| industrial unions | Labor organization of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass production industries such as automobiles and mining |
| injunction | A court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something |
| Knights of Labor | The first national labor union; formed in 1869 |
| lockout | An attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business |
| mediation | The use of a third party who encourages both sides to continue negotiating and makes suggestions for resolution |
| negotiated labor-management agreement | Agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time |
| open shop agreement | Agreement in the right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not to join a union, if one exists in their workplace |
| primary boycott | When a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy products from a firm involved in a labor dispute |
| right to work laws | Legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join its union |
| secondary boycott | An attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott |
| sexual harassment | Unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors and other conduct verbal or physical of a sexual nature |
| shop stewards | Union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis |
| strike | A union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work, the purpose is to further workers objectives |
| strikebreakers | Workers hired to do the jobs of the striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved |
| unions | Employee organizations that have the main goal of representing members in employee-management bargaining over job-related issues |
| union security clause | Provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union |
| union shop agreement | Clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers do not have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period |
| yellow dog contract | A type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of their employement not to join a union, prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act |
