| A | B |
|---|
| CELLS DIFFER FROM | SIZE & SHAPE, COMPOSITION, STRUCTURAL PARTS |
| SIZE AND SHAPE OF CELLS | HUMAN CELLS VARY IN SIZE, ALL ARE MICROSCOPIC, CELLS DIFFER NOTABLY IN SHAPE |
| COMPOSITION OF CELLS | CYTOPLASM CONTAINING SPECIALIZED ORGANELLES SURROUNDED BY A PLASMA MEMBRANE, ORGANIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC SUBSTANCES IMPORTANT FOR LIFE |
| STRUCTURAL PARTS OF CELLS | PLASMA MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS |
| PLASMA MEMBRANE | FORMS OUTER BOUNDARY OF CELL, IT IS A THIN LAYERED MEMBRANE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS CONTAINING PROTEINS, IT IS SELECTIVLY PERMEABLE |
| CYTOPLASM | CONTAINS ORGANELLES |
| CYTOPLASM CONTAINS ORGANELLES ARE THE FOLLOWING | RIBOSOMES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, GOLGI APPARATUS, MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES, CENTRIOLES, CILIA, FLAGELLA |
| RIBOSOMES | MAY ATTACH TO ROUGH ER OR LIE FREE IN CYTOPLASM, MANUFACTURE PROTEINS, CALLED PROTEIN FACTORIES |
| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) | NETWORK OF CONNECTING SACS AND CANALS, CARRY SUBSTANCES THROUGH CYTOPLASM, TYPES ARE ROUGH AND SMOOTH, ROUGH ER COLLECTS AND TRANSPORTS PROTEINS MADE BY RIBOSOMES, SMOOTH ER SYNTHESIZES CHEMICALS, MAKES NEW MEMBRANE |
| GOLGI APPARATUS | GROUP OF FLATTENED SACS NEAR NUCLEUS, COLLECTS CHEMICALS THAT MOVE FROM THE SMOOTH ER IN VESICLES, CALLED SNOT FACTORIES OR PACKAGING CENTER |
| MITOCHONDRIA | COMPOSED OF INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANES, INVOLVED WITH ENERGY RELEASING CHEMICAL REACTIONS, CALLED POWER PLANTS |
| LYSOSOMES | MEMBRANOUS-WALLED ORGANELLES, CONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, HAVE PROTECTIVE FUNCTION (EAT MICROBES), OFTEN CALLED SUICIDE BAGS OR CLEAN UP CREW |
| CENTRIOLES | PAIRED ORGANELLES, LIE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER NEAR NUCLEUS, FUNCTION IN CELL REPRODUCTION |
| CILIA | FINE HAIRLIKE EXTENSIONS FOUND ON FREE OR EXPOSED SURFACES OF SOME CELLS, CAPABLE OF MOVING IN UNISOM IN A WAVELIKE FASION, |
| FLAGELLA | SINGLE PROJECTIONS EXTENDING FROM CELL SURFACES, MUCH LARGER THAN CILIA, TAILS OF SPERM CELLS ONLY EXAMPLE OF FLAGELLA IN HUMANS |
| NUCLEUS | CONTROLS CELL BECAUSE IT CONTAINS THE GENETIC CODE, COMPONENT STRUCTURES INCLUDE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, NUCLEOPLASM, NUCLEOLUS, AND THE CHROMATIN GRANULES, CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN DNA |
| GENETIC CODE | INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS, WWHICH IN TURN DETERMINE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION |
| RELATIONSHIP OF CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | REGULATION OF LIFE PROCESSES, SURVIVAL OF SPECIES THROUGH REPRODUCTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL, RELATIONSHIP OF STRUCTURE APPARENT IN NUMBER AND TYPE OF ORGANELLES SEEN IN DIFFERENT CELLS |
| HEART MUSCLE CELLS | CONTAIN MANY MITROCHONDRIA REQUIRED TO PRODUCE ADEQUATE ENERGY NEEDED FOR CONTINUED CONTRACTIONS |
| FLAGELLUM OF SPERM CELL | GIVES MOTILITY, ALLOWING MOVEMENT OF SPERM THROUGH FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT, THUS INCREASING CHANCES FOR FERTILIZATION |
| PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES | DO NOT REQUIRE ADDED ENERGY AND RESULT IN MOVEMENT "DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT" |
| DIFFUSION (PASSIVE) | SUBSTANCES SCATTER THEMSELVES EVENLY THROUGHOUT ON AVAILABLE SPACE, IT IS UNNECESSARY TO ADD ENERGY TO THE SYSTEM, MOVEMENT IS FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION |
| DIFFUSION (PASSIVE) EXAMPLES ARE | OSMOSIS, AND DIALYSIS |
| OSMOSIS (DIFFUSION) (PASSIVE) | DIFFUSION OF WATER |
| DIALYSIS (DIFFUSION) (PASSIVE) | DIALYSIS IS DIFFUSION OF SOLUTES |
| FILTRATION (PASSSIVE) | MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SOLUTES CAUSED BY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON ONE SIDE OF MEMBRANE, RESPONSIBLE FOR URINE FORMATION |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES | OCCUR ONLY IN LIVING CELLS, MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IS "UP THE CONCENTRAION GRADIENT, REQUIRES ENERGY FROM ATP |
| ION PUMPS (ACTIVE) | IS PROTEIN COMPLEX IN CELL MEMBRANE, USE ENERGY FROM ATP TO MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES AGAINST THEIR CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS, SOME PUMPS WORK WITH OTHER CARRIERS SO THAT GLUCOSE OR AMINO ACIDS ARE TRANSPORTED ALONG WITH IONS |
| EXAMPLES OF ION PUMPS | SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP, CALCIUM PUMP |
| PHAGOCYOSIS (ACTIVE) | REQUIRE CELL ENERGY, IS A PROTECTIVE MECHANISM OFTEN USED TO DESTOY BACTERIA |
| PINOCYTOSIS (ACTIVE) | REQUIRE CELL ENERGY, USED TO INCORPORATE FLUIDS OR DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES INTO CELLS |
| DNA STRUCTURE | LARGE MOLECULE SHAPED LIKE A SPIRAL STAIRCASE, SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE) AND PHOSPHATE UNITS COMPOSE SIDES OF THE MOLECULE, BASE PAIRS (ADENINE-THYMINE OR GUANINE-CYTOSINE) COMPOSE STEPS, BASE PAIRS ALWAYS THE SAME BUT SEQUENCE OF BASE PAIRS DIFFERS IN DIFFERENT DNA MOLECULES, A GENE IS A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF BASE PAIRS WITHIN A DNA MOLECULE, GENES DICTATE FORMATION OF ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS BY RIBOSOMES, THEREBY INDIRECTLY DETERMINING A CELLS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS, IN SHORT GENES ARE HEREDITY DETERMINANTS |
| GENETIC CODE | GENETIC INFORMATION-STORED IN BASE PAIR SEQUENCES ON GENES-EXPRESSED THROUGH PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
| CELL REPRODUCTION | DNA STRUCTURE, GENETIC CODE, CELL DIVISION, DNA REPLICATES, MITOSIS, STAGES OF MITOSIS |
| DNA | CONTAINED IN CELL NUCLEUS |
| PROTEIN SYNTHESIS | OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM THUS GENETIC INFORMATION MUST PASS FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE CYTOPLASM, PROCESS OF TRANSFERRING GENETIC INFORMATION FROM NUCLEUS TO CYTOPLASM WHERE PROTEIN ARE PRODUCED REQUIRES COMPLETION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION |
| TRANSCRIPTION | DOUBLE STRANDED DNA SEPARATES TO FORM MESSENGER RNA OR MRNA, EACH STRAND OF MRNA DUPLICATED A PARTICULAR GENE (BASE-PAIR SEQUENCE) FROM SEGMENT OF DNA, MRNA MOLECULES PASS FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE CYTOPLASM WHERE THEY DIRECT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RIBOSOMES AND ER. |
| TRANSLATION | INVOLVES SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS IN CYTOPLASM BY RIBOSOMES, REQUIRES USE OF INFORMATION CONTAINED IN MRNA |
| CELL DIVISION | REPRODUCTION OF CELL INVOLVING DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS (MITOSIS) AND THE CYTOPLAM, PERIOD WHEN THE CELL IS NOT ACTIVELY DIVIDING IS CALLED INTERPHASE |
| DNA REPLICATION | PROCESS BY WHICH EACH HALF OF A DNA MOLECULE BECOMES A WHOLE MOLECULE, PRECEDES MITOSIS |
| MITOSIS | PROCESS IN CELL DIVISION THAT DISTRIBUTES IDENTICAL CHROMOSOMES (DNA MOLECULES) TO EACH NEW CELL FORMED WHEN THE ORIGINAL CELL DIVIDES, ENABLES CELLS TO REPRODUCE THEIR OWN KIND, MAKES HEREDITY POSSIBLE |
| STAGES OF MITOSIS | PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE |
| PROPHASE (FIRST STAGE) | CHROMATIN GRANULES BECOME ORGANIZED, CHROMOSOMES (PAIRS OF LINKED CHROMATIDS) APPEAR, CENTRIOLES MOVE AWAY FROM NUCLEUS, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISAPPEARS, FREEING GENETIC MATERIAL, SPINDLE FIBERS APPEAR |
| METAPHASE (SECOND STAGE) | CHROMOSOMES ALIGN ACROSS CENTER OF CELL, SPINDLE FIBERS ATTACH THEMSELVS TO EACH CHROMATID |
| ANAPHASE (THIRD STAGE) | CENTROMERES BREAK APART, SEPARATED CHROMATIDS NOW CALLED CHROMOSOMES, CHROMOSOMES ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF CELL, CLEAVAGE FURROW DEVELOPS AT END OF ANAPHASE |
| TELOPHASE (FOURTH STAGE) | CELL DIVISION IS COMPLETE, NUCLEI APPEAR IN DAUGHTER CELLS, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AND NUCLEOLI APPEAR, CYTOPLAM IS DIVIDED (CYTOKINESIS), DAUGHTER CELLS BECOME FULLY FUNCTIONAL |
| TISSUES | EPITHELIAL, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE, NERVOUS TISSUE |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE | COVERS BODY AND LINES BODY CAVITIES, CELLS PACKED CLOSELY TOGETHER WITH LITTLE MATRIX |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE OF CELLS | SQUAMOUS, CUBOIDAL, COLUMNAR, TRANSITIONAL |
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE CLASSIFIED BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS | SIMPLE, AND STRATIFIED |
| SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM | SINGLE LAYER OF SCALELIKE CELLS, TRANSPORT (ABSORBTION) IS FUNCTION |
| STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM | SEVERAL LAYERS OF CLOSELY PACKED CELLS, PROTECTION IS PRIMARY FUNCTION |
| SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIM | COLUMNAR CELLS ARRANGED IN A SINGLE LAYER, LINE STOMACH AND INTESTINES, CONTAIN MUCUS-PRODUCING GOBLET CELLS, SPECIALIZED IN ABSORPTION |
| STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM | FOUND IN BODY AREA, SUCH AS URINARY BLADDER, THAT STRETCH, UP TO 10 LAYERS OF ROUGHLY CUBOIDAL SHAPED CELLS THAT DISTORT TO SQUAMOUS SHAPE WHEN STRETCHED |
| PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM | EACH CELL TOUCHES BASEMENT MEMBRANE, LINES THE TRACHEA |
| SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM | OFTEN SPECIALIZED FOR SECRETORY ACTIVITY, CUBOIDAL CELLS MAY BE GROUPED INTO GLANDS, MAY SECRETE INTO DUCTS, DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD, AND ON BODY SURFACE, EXAMPLES OF SECRETION INCLUDE SALIVA, DIGESTIVE JUICE, AND HORMONES, CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM ALSO FORMS THE URINE-PRODUCING TUBULES OF THE KIDNEY |
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE | MOST ABUNDANT TISSUE IN THE BODY, MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED TISSUE IN BODY, MULTIPLE TYPES, APPEARANCES AND FUNCTIONS, RELATIVELY FEW CELLS IN INTERCELLULAR MATRIX |
| TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE | AREOLAR, ADIPOSE, FIBROUS, BONE, CARTILAGE, BLOOD |
| AREOLAR | GLUE THAT HOLDS ORGANS TOGETHER |
| ADIPOSE (FAT | FAT LIPID STORAGE IS PRIMARY FUNCTION |
| FIBROUS | STONG FIBERS, EXAMPLE IS TENDON |
| BONE | MATRIX IS CALCIFIED, FUNCTION IN SUPPORT AND PROTECTION |
| CARTILAGE | CHONDROCYTE IS CELL TYPE |
| BLOOD | MATRIX IF FLUID, FUNCTION IS TRANSPORTATION |
| MUSCLE TISSUE | SKELETAL, CARDIAC, SMOOTH |
| SKELETAL | ATTACHES TO BONES, ALSO CALLED STRIATED OR VOLUNTARY, CONTROL IS VOLUNTARY, STRIATIONS APPARENT WHEN VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE |
| CARDIAC | ALSO CALLED STRIATED INVOLUNTARY, COMPOSES HEART WALL, ORDINARILY CANNOT CONTROL CONTRACTIONS |
| SMOOTH | ALSO CALLED NON STRIATED (VISCERAL) OR INVOLUNTARY, NO CROSS STRIATIONS, FOUND IN BLOOD VESSELS AND OTHER TUBE-SHAPED ORGANS |
| NERVOUS TISSUE | CELLS TYPES ARE NEURONS AND GLIA (NEUROGLIA) |
| NEURONS | CONDUCTING CELLS |
| GLIA (NEUROGLIA) | SUPPORTIVE AND CONNECTING CELLS |
| NEURONS CELL COMPONENTS | CELL BODY, AXON, DENDRITES |
| AXON (ONE) | CARRIES NERVE IMPULSE AWAY FROM THE CELL BODY |
| DENDRITES (ONE OR MORE) | CARRY NERVE IMPULSE TOWARD THE CELL BODY |
| FUNCTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE | RAPID COMMUNICATION BETWEEN BODY STRUCTURES AND CONTROL OF BODY FUNCTIONS |
| PHOSPHOLIPID AND CHOLESTEROL | ARE TWO FAT BASED MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE |
| ORGANELLES | IS A TERM THAT REFERS TO SMALL STRUCTURES IN SIDE THE CEL, IT MEANS LITTLE ORGANS |
| GENOME | IS THE TOTAL GENETIC INFORMATION PACKAGE IN A CELL |
