| A | B |
|---|
| MUSCULAR TISSUE | ENABLE THE BODY AND ITS PARTS TO MOVE |
| MOVEMENT | CAUSED BY ABILITY OF MUSCLE CELLS (CALLED FIBERS) TO SHORTEN OR CONTRACT |
| MUSCLE CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED | FIBERS |
| MUSCLE CELLS | SHORTEN BY CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY (OBTAINED BY FOOD) INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY WHICH CAUSES MOVEMENT |
| 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY | SKELETAL, CARDIAC, NONSTRIATED MUSCLE OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | ALSO CALLED STRIATED OR VOLUNTARY MUSCLE IS 40% TO 50% BODY WEIGHT, MICROSCOPE REVEALS CROSSWISE STRIPES OR STRIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS CAN BE VOLUNTARILY CONTROLLED |
| BODY WEIGHT | RED MEAT ATTACHED TO BONES |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY | COMPOSES BULK OF HEART |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS | BRANCH FREQUENTLY, CHARACTERIZED BY UNIQUE DARD BANDS CALLED INTERCALATED DISKS, INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS ALLOWS HEART TO CONTRACT EFFICIENTLY AS A UNIT |
| DARK BANDS | INTERCALATED DISKS |
| NONSTRIATED OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | SMOOTH OR VISCERAL MUSCLE |
| NONSTRIATED/INVOLUNTARY/SMOOTH/VISCERAL MUSCLE | LACKS CROSS STRIPES, APPEARS SMOOTH, FOUND IN WALLS OF HOLLOW VISCERAL STRUCTURES SUCH AS DIGESTIVE TRACT, BLOOD VESSELS, AND URETERS, CONTRACTIONS NO UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL, MOVEMENT CAUSED BY CONTRACTION IS INVOLUNTARY |
| FUNCTION OF MUSCLE TISSUE | ALL MUSCLE CELLS SPECIALIZE IN CONTRACTION (SHORTENING) |
| STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | EACH SKELETAL MUSCLE IS AN ORGAN COMPOSED MAILY OF SKELTAL MUSCLE CELLS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE, MOST SKELETAL MUSCLES EXTEND FROM ONE BONE ACROSS A JOINT TO ANOTHER BONE |
| PARTS OF A SKETAL MUSCLE | ORIGIN, INSERTION, BODY |
| ORIGIN | ATTACHMENT TO THE BONE THAT REMAINS RELATIVELY STATIONARY OR FIXED WHEN MOVEMENT OF THAT JOINT OCCURS |
| INSERTION | POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE BONE THAT MOVES WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS |
| BODY | MAIN PART OF THE MUSCLE |
| MUSCLES ATTACH TO BONE BY TENDONS | STRONG CORDS OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, SOME TENDONS ENCLOSED IN SYNOVIAL-LINED TUBES AND ARE LUBRICATED BY SYNOVIAL FLUID, TUBES CALLED TENDON SHEATHS |
| TENDON SHEATHS | SYNOVIAL-LINED TUBES |
| BURSAE | SMALL SYNOVIAL-LINED SACS CONTAINING A SMALL AMOUNT OF SYNOVIAL FLUID, LOCATED BETWEEN SOME TENDONS AND UNDERLYING BONES |
| CONTRACTILE CELLS CALLED | FIBERS-GROUPED INTO BUNDLES |
| FIBERS CONTAIN | MILOFILAMENTS |
| THICK MYOFILAMENTS | CONTAINING THE PROTEIN MYOSIN |
| THIN MYOFILAMENTS | COMPOSED OF ACTIN |
| BASIC FUNCTIONAL CONTRACTILE UNIT CALLED | SARCOMERE, SARCOMERES SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY DARK BANDS CALLED Z LINES |
| Z LINES | DARK BANDS |
| SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL EXPLAINS MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION | THICK AND THIN MYOFILAMENTS SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER AS A MUSCLE CONTRACTS, CONTRACTION REQUIRES CALCIUM AND ENERGY RICH ATP MOLECULES |
| FUNCTIONS OF SKELTAL MUSCLE | MOVEMENT, POSTURE, HEAT PRODUCTION |
| MOVEMENT | MUSCLES PRODUCE MOVEMENT, AS A MUSCLE CONTRACTS IT PULLS THE INSERTION BONE CLOSER TO THE ORIGIN BONE, MOVEMENT OCCURS AT THE JOINT BETWEEN THE ORIGIN AND THE INSERTION |
| GROUPS OF MUSCLES USUALLY CONTRACT TO PRODUCE A SINGLE MOVEMENT | PRIME MOVER, SYNERGIST, ANTAGONIST |
| PRIME MOVER | MUSCLE WHOSE CONTRACTION IS MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCING A GIVEN MOVEMENT |
| SYNERGIST | MUSCLE WHOSE CONTRACTIONS HELP THE PRIME MOVER PRODUCE A GIVEN MOVEMENT |
| ANTAGONIST | MUSCLE WHOSE ACTIONS OPPOSE THE ACTION OF A PRIME MOVER IN ANY GIVEN MOVEMENT |
| POSTURE | A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION CALLED TONIC CONTRACTION,ENABLES US TO MAINTAIN BODY POSITION |
| IN TONIC CONTRACTION | ONLY A FEW OF A MUSCLES FIBERS SHORTEN AT ONE TIME |
| TONCIC CONTRACTIONS PRODUCE | NO MOVEMENT OF BODY PARTS |
| TONIC CONTRACTIONS | MAINTAIN MUSCLE TONE CALLED POSTURE |
| GOOD POSTURE | REDUCES STRAIN ON MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND BONES |
| POOR POSTURE | CAUSES FATIGUE AND MAY LEAD TO DEFORMITY |
| HEAT PRODUCTION | SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON THE BODYS ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT BODY TEMPERATURE |
| FEVER | AN ELEVATED BODY TEMP-OFTEN SIGN OF ILLNESS |
| HYPOTHERMIA | A REDUCED BODY TEMP |
| CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS | PRODUCES MOST OF THE HEAT REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY TEMP |
| FATIGUE | REDUCED STRENGTH OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
| FATIGUE | IS CAUSED BY REPEATED MUSCLE STIMULATION WITHOUT ADEQUATE PERIODS OF REST |
| REPEATED MUSCLE CONTRACTION | DEPLETES CELLULAR ATP STORES AND OUTSTRIPS THE ABILITY OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO REPLENISH OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS |
| CONTRACTION | IS THE ABSENSE OF ADEQUATE OXYGEN PRODUCES LACTIC ACID |
| LACTIC ACID | CONTRIBUTES TO MUSCLE SORENESS |
| OXYGEN DEBT | TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE METABOLIC EFFORT REQUIRED TO BURN EXCESS LACTIC ACID THAT MAY ACCUMULATE DURING PROLONGED PERIODS OF EXERCISE, TEH BODY IS ATTEMPING TO RETURN TO CELLS ENERGY AND OXYGEN RESERVES TO PRE-EXERCISE LEVELS |
| MUSCLE FUNCTIONING | DEPENDS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF MANY OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY |
| MOST MUSCLES CAUSE MOVEMENTS | BY PULLING ON BONES ACROSS MOVABLE PARTS |
| RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY, NERVOUS, MUSCULAR AND SKELTAL SYSTEMS | PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN PRODUCING NORMAL MOVEMENTS |
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, BRAIN HEMORRHAGE, AND SPINAL CORD INJURY | ARE EXAMPLES OF HOW PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN OTHER BODY ORGAN SYSTEMS CAN DRAMATICALLY AFFECT MOVEMENT |
| STIMULATION OF A MUSCLE BY A NERVE IMPULSE | IS REQUIRED BEFORE A MUSCLE CAN SHORTEN AND PRODUCE MOVEMENT |
| A MOTOR NEURON | IS THE SPECIALIZED NERVE THAT TRANSMITS AN IMPULSE TO A MUSCLE, CAUSING CONTRACTION |
| A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | IS THE SPECIALIZED POINT OF CONTACT BETWEEN A NERVE ENDING AND THE MUSCLE FIBER IT INNERVATES |
| A MOTOR UNIT | IS THE COMBINATION OF A MOTOR NEURON WITH THE MUSCLE CELL OR CELLS IT INNERVATES |
| A MUSCLE WILL CONTRACT | ONLY IF AN APPLIED STIMULUS REACHES A CERTAIN LEVEL OF INTENSITY |
| A THRESHOLD STIMULUS | IS THE MINIMAL LEVEL OF STIMULATION REQUIRED TO CAUSE A MUSCLE FIBER TO CONTRACT |
| ONCE STIMULATED BY A THRESHOLD STIMULUS | A MUSCLE FIBER WILL CONTRACT COMPLETELY, A RESPONSE CALLED ALL OR NONE |
| TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRATIONS | TWITCH AND TETANIC, ISOTONIC, ISOMETRIC |
| TWITCH CONTRACTIONS | LAB PHENOMENA AND DO NOT PLAY A IMPORTANT ROLE IN NORMAL MUSCULAR ACTIVITY, THEY ARE SINGLE CONTRACTION, CAUSED BY SINGLE THRESHOLD STIMULUS |
| TETANIC CONTRACTIONS | ARE SUSTAINED AND STEADY MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS, CAUSED BY A SERIES OF STIMULI BOMBARDING A MUSCLE IN RAPID SUCESSION |
| ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS | CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT PRODUCES MOVEMENT AT A JOINT, DURING ISOTONIC THE MUSCLE SHORTENS, CAUSING THE INSERTION END OF THE MUSCLE TO MOVE TOWARD THE POINT OF ORIGIN |
| ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS EXAMPLES | WALKING OR RUNNING |
| ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS | ARE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS THAT DO NOT PRODUCE MOVEMENT, TEH MUSCLE AS A WHOLE DOES NOT SHORTEN, NO MOVEMENT OCCURS BUT TENSION INCREASES WITHIN THE MUSCLE |
| EXERCISE | IF REGULAR & PROPERLY PRACTICED, IMPROVES MUSCLE TONE, AND POSTURE, RESULTS IN MORE EFFICIENT HEART AND LUNG FUNCTIONING AND REDUCES FATIGUE |
| EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELTAL MUSCLES | MUSCLES UNDERGO CHANGES RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF WORK THEY NORMALLY DO |
| PROLONGED ACTIVITY | CAUSES DISUSE ATROPHY |
| REGULAR EXERCISE | INCREASES MUSCLE SIZE CALLED HYPERTHROPHY |
| STRENGTH TRAINING | IS EXERCISE INVOLVING CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES AGAINST HEAVY RESISITANCE |
| STRENGTH TRAINING | INCREASES THE NUMBERS OF MYOFILAMENTS IN EACH MUSCLE FIBER, THE TOTAL MASS OF THE MUSCLE INCREASES |
| STRENGTH TRAINING | DOES NOT INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS |
| ENDURANCE TRAINING | IS EXERCISE THAT INCREASES A MUSCLES ABILITY TO SUSTAIN MODERATE EXERCISE OVER A LONG TIME, ALSO CALLED AEROBIC TRAINING |
| ENDURANCE TRAINING | ALLOWS MORE EFFICIENT DELIVERY OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO A MUSCLE VIA INCREASED BLOOD FLOW |
| ENDURANCE TRAINING | DOES NOT USUALLY RESULT IN MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE GROUPS | MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE UPPER EXTREMITIES, MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK, MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE LOWER EXTREMITIES |
| MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK | FACIAL MUSCLES |
| ORBICULARIS OCULI (H/N) | LETS YOU BLINK |
| ORBICULARIS ORIS (H/N) | LETS YOU PUCKER OR WHISTLE |
| ZYGOMATICUS (H/N) | ?? |
| MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (H/N) | MASSETER, TEMPORAL |
| STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID (H/N) | FLEXES HEAD |
| TRAPEZIUS (H/N) | ELEVATES SHOULDERS AND EXTENDS HEAD |
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE LOWER EXTREMITIES | PECTORALIS MAJOR, LATISSIMUS DORSI, DELTOID, BICEPS BRACHII, TRICEPS BRACHII |
| PECTORALIS MAJOR (U/E) | FLEXES UPPER ARM |
| LATISSIMUS DORSI (U/E) | EXTENDS UPPER ARM |
| BICEPS BRACHII (U/E) | FLEXES FOREARM |
| TRICEPS BRACHII (U/E) | EXTENDS FOREARM |
| MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK | ABDOMINAL MUSCLES AND RESPIRATORY MUSCLES |
| RECTUS ABDOMINIS | TRUNK / ABDOMINAL |
| EXTERNAL OBLIQUE | TRUNK / ABDOMINAL |
| INTERNAL OBLIQUE | TRUNK/ ABDOMINAL |
| TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS | TRUNK / ABDOMINAL |
| INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES | RESPIRATORY / TRUNK |
| DIAPHRAGM | RESPIRATORY / TRUNK |
| MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE LOWER EXTREMITIES | ILIOPSOAS, GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, ADDUCTOR MUSCLES, HAMSTRING MUSCLES, QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP, TIBIALIS ANTERIOR, GASTROCNEMIUS, PERONEUS GROUP |
| ILIOPSOAS (L/E) | FLEXES THIGH |
| GLUTEUS MAXIMUS (L/E) | EXTENDS THIGH |
| ADDUCTOR MUSCLES (L/E) | ADDUCT THIGHS |
| HAMSTRING MUSCLES (L/E) | FLEX LOWER LEG |
| HAMSTRING MUSCLES INCLUDE | SEMIMEMBRANOSUS, SEMITENDINOSUS, BICEPS FEMORIS |
| QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP (L/E) | EXTEND LOWER LEG |
| QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP INCLUDE | RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS MUSCLES |
| TIBIALIS ANTERIOR (L/E) | DORSIFLEXES FOOT |
| GASTROCNEMIUS (L/E) | PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT |
| PERONEUS GROUP (L/E) | FLEX FOOT |
| FLEXION | MOVEMENT THAT DECREASES THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES AT THEIR JOINT, BENDING |
| EXTENSION | MOVEMENT THAT INCREASES THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES AT THEIR JOINT, STRAIGHTENING |
| ABDUCTION | MOVEMENT OF A PART AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY |
| ADDUCTION | MOVEMENT OF A PART TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY |
| ROTATION | MOVEMENT AROUND A LONGITUDINAL AXIS |
| SUPINATION | PALM TURNED TO THE ANTERIOR POSITION |
| PRONATION | PALM FACES POSTERIORLY |
| DORSIFLEXTION | FOOT MOVEMENT, ELEVATION OF THE DORSUM OR TOP OF THE FOOT |
| PLANTAR FLEXION | THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOT IS DIRECTED DOWNWARD |
