| A | B |
|---|
| Galileo | An Italian scientist and mathematician who supported Copernicus's heliocentric theory |
| Petrarch | An Italian poet, who led the early development of Renaissance humanism |
| Machiavelli | A Florentine diplomat who wrote a very successful handbook about how to succeed in politics, The Prince |
| Gutenburg | The man who printed the first book, (a copy of the Bible) |
| Erasmus | A Dutch humanist, who was considered the most respected and influential humanist of the northern Renaissance |
| Thomas More | An English statesman and scholar who wrote a book called Utopia |
| Cervantes | The greatest Spanish writer of the Renaissance; author of Don Quixote |
| Shakespeare | A very famous actor, poet, and playwright, who created his own form of English |
| Michelangelo | An immensely skilled painter, poet, architect, and sculptor; painter of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Leonardo da Vinci | A famous painter, engineer, scientist, and inventor; painter of the Mona Lisa |
| Martin Luther | A German monk who became the leader of the protest against the Roman Catholic church and started a new religion called Lutheranism |
| John Calvin | A French-born, Swiss Protestant reformer who developed Calvinism |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen of Spain who gave their permission and supplies to Columbus for his journey |
| Philip II | A Spainish King who worked to expand the power of both Spain and the Roman Catholic Church |
| Richelieu | The French chief minister of Louis XIII |
| Elizabeth I | A much-loved English queen of the Tudor dynasty; daughter of Anne Boleyn |
| Oliver Cromwell | A Puritan general who over threw that English monarchy and ruled as a dictator for ten years (a.k.a. The Interregnum) |
| James I | An English King who believed in divine right; successor of Elizabeth; son of Mary Queen of Scots |
| Charles I | An English King who was beheaded by the Parliament for treason |
| Charles II | A well-liked King of England whom although was very popular, often did not agree with the Parliament |
| James II | An English King who believed in divine right and who was forced off of his throne by his own daughter and son-in-law |
| William & Mary | A well-liked King and Queen who signed the English Bill of Rights |
| Ivan the Terrible | A harsh ruling Russian Czar/autocrat who murdered thousands of boyars |
| Peter the Great | A Russian Czar who started to westernize Russia |
| Catherine the Great | Czarina of Russia; one of the most outstanding Russian rulers ever |
| Louis XIII, XIV, and XVI | French kings who believed in divine right |
| Henry VIII | An English King who changed the religion of England so that he could marry Anne Boleyn |
| Catherine of Aragon | A Spanish princess who was the Queen of England; Henry VIII's first wife |
| Anne Boleyn | A Queen of England who was executed; Henry VIII's second wife; mother of Elizabeth |
| Mary Tutor | A.k.a. Bloody Mary; daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII |
| Mary Queen of Scots | Rightful queen of France, Scotland, and England; executed by Elizabeth |
| Edward the VII | Henry VIII's sickly son who became King at age nine |
| Sir Francis Drake | An English pirate/ naval hero who stole tons of gold and silver from the Spaniards |
| English Civil War | The struggle between the supporters of Charles I and the supporters of Parliament over proposed reforms of the military and the Church of England |
| Interregnum | The time period between the rule of Charles I and Charles II, in which the was no king; the time period that the dictator Oliver Cromwell ruled |
| Commonwealth | The republican government established in England by Cromwell after the English Civil War |
| Protector | Then nickname that Oliver Cromwell gave himself |
| Protectorate | the name that Oliver Cromwell gave to the government since it was neither a democracy nor a monarchy |
| Renaissance | The period of Western history meaning rebirth, when far reaching changes occurred in the arts, intellectual life, and ways of viewing the world |
| Reformation | The sixteenth century European movement that rebelled against the authority of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Restoration | The period when Charles II came to the throne after ten years with out a monarchy |
| Vatican | The palace of the Pope in Rome |
| Protestant | Any Christian not belonging to Roman Catholic or the Eastern Orthodox Church |
| Calvinism | The Protestant belief developed in the sixteenth century by John Calvin, based on the concept of predestination |
| Act of Supremacy | An act of Parliament that declared the English monarch head of the Church of England |
| Counter Reformation | A.k.a. the Catholic Reformation; the reform movement that began with-in the Roman Catholic Church as a reaction to the Reformation |
| Puritans | A very strict form of Protestants, who were very simple and dressed in black; believed that they must dedicate their lives to God |
| Anglican | a member of the Church of England |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy that stressed the accumulation of gold and silver, the founding of the colonies and regulation of their trade, and profiting from foreign trade |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on the private ownership and use of capital; also called: the free enterprise system |
| Free enterprise | The ability for people to run their businesses without interference from the government |
| Middle Passage | The route taken bye slave ships that carried enslaved Africans to the Americas |
| Triangular trade | A trade route linking Europe, Africa and the Americas |
| Spanish Armada | Philip II's attempt to conquer England in 1588, by sending a naval fleet of about 130 ships over to England |
| Thirty years War | A religious war between Protestants and Catholics that involved most of the major European states in a struggle over the balance of power in Europe |
| Versailles | A palace in France built as the home for Louis XIV |
| Glorious Revolution | The change of monarchs in England in 1689 in which James II was removed from power and the Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary |
| English Bill of Rights | The document signed by William and Mary the gave Parliament some power over the monarchy and strengthened the rights of individuals |
| Indulgence | A pardon for sinning; given by the Catholic Church, first as a reward for some special service and later in return for a contribution of money |
| 95 Theses | A list that Martin Luther nailed up to a church door in Wittenberg in 1517 |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Edict of Nantes | A document issued by Henry IV that gave French Protestants religious freedom |
