| A | B |
|---|
| straited muscle | voluntary or skeletal muscle |
| fascia | fibrous tissue that envelops and separates muscles |
| fascia | contains muscle's blood supply, lymph, and nerves |
| smooth muscle | viseral or involuntary muscle |
| cardiac muscle | straited and branching fibers but acts like smooth; involuntary muscle |
| skeletal muscle grouping | bundles |
| smooth muscle grouping | sheets |
| cardiac muscle grouping | branched and only in the heart |
| orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids, wrinkles forehead |
| sternocleidomastoid | turn head |
| pectoralis major | adducts, flexes, rotates arm inward |
| masseter | closes jaw for chewing |
| deltoid | extends arm |
| biceps brachii | flexes forearm |
| gluteus maxiumus | extends, abducts, and rotates thigh laterally |
| biceps femoris | rotates leg laterally and flexes knee |
| gastrocnemius | bends knee and lifts heel off ground |
| Achilles tendon | tendon from gastrocnemius to calcaneous (heelbone) |
| origin | point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone |
| insertion | oint of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones; straightening a limb |
| abduction | movement away from the midline of the body |
| adduction | movement towards the midline of the body` |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| dorsiflexion | decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends backwards (upward) |
| plantar flexion | the motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes |
| plant/o | sole of the foot |
| supinaton | as applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward, or up |
| pronation | as applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm backward, or down |
| fibr/o | fibrous connective tissue |
| fasci/o | fascia (froms sheaths enveloping muscle) |
| leiomy/o | smooth (viseral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs |
| my/o | muscle |
| myocardi/o | heart muscle |
| myos/o | muscle |
| rhabdomy/o | skeletal or striated muscle |
| -asthenia | lack of strength |
| -trophy | development, nourishment |
| ab- | away from |
| ad- | toward |
| dorsi- | back |
| poly- | many, much |
| muscular dystrophy | a group of inheritied diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers w/o involvement of the nervous system |
| polymyositis | chronic inflammatory myopathy |
| antinuclear antibody test | a sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | the rate at which erythrocytes fall to the bottom of a test tube. |
| rheumatoid factor test | blood is tested for the presence of the rheumatoid factor |
| serum calcium | a measurement of the amount of calcium in the blood |
| serum creatine phosphokinase | elevated CPK levels are found in muscular dystrophy; myocardial infarction, and skeletal muscle disorders |
| uric acid test | measures the amount of uric acid in the blood |
| arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of the joint; synovial fluid is removed for analysis |
| arthrography | process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint after injection of opaque contrast material |
| bone scan | a radioactive phosphate substance is injected intravenously, and uptake of the substance in bone is measured |
| dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry | x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist, and measures how well the x-rays penetrate the bones |
| muscle biopsy | removal of muscle for microscopic examination |
| ACL | anterior cruciate ligament |
| ANA | antinuclear antibody |
| Ca | calcium |
| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome |
| DEXA | dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
| DTR | deep tendon reflexes |
| EMG | electromyography |
| ESR | erthrocyte sedimentation rate |
| IM | intramuscular |
| LE cell | lupus erythematosus cell |
| Ortho | orthopedics |
| P | phosphorus |
| RA | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| sed rate | sedimentation rate |
| ROM | range of motion |
| ADL | activities of daily living |
| SLE | systemic lupus erthematosus |
| TMJ | temporomandibular joint |
| triceps | extends the forearm |
| trapezius | elevates, retracts, & rotates scapula |
| pectoralis major | adducts and medially rotates humerus |
| deltoid | anterior part- flexes & medially rotates arm; middle: abducts arm; posterior part: extends & laterally rotates arm |
| biceps brachii | flexes forearm in all positions |
| pectoralis minor | stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall |
| triceps brachii | extends the forearm; it is chief extensor of the forearm; long head steadies head of abducted humerus |
| latissimus dorsi | extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus |
| teres major | adducts and medially rotates arm |
| brachialis | flexes forearm in all positions |
| teres minor | laterally rotate arm; hleps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula |
| brachioradialis | flexes forearm |
| supinator | supinates forearm (rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly) |
| psoas major | acts conjoinly in flexing thigh at hip joint and stabilizing this joint |
| sartorius | "tailor's muscle" longest muscle in the body; flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg at knee joint |
| rectus femoris | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
| vastus lateralis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
| pectineus | adducts and flexes thigh; assits with medial rotation of thigh |
| adductor longus | adducts thigh |
| vastus medialis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
| gracilis | adducts thigh, flexes leg, helps rotate it medially |
| vastus lateralis | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
| quadriceps femoris | great extensor of the leg |
| vastus intermedius | one of the quadricepes;great extensor of the leg |
| psoas minor | acts conjoinly in flexing thigh at hip joint and stabilizing this joint |
| iliopsoas | chief flexor of the thigh; postural muscle that during standing, prevents hyperextension of the hip joint |
| semitendinus | extend thigh, flex leg and medially rotate |
| semimembranosus | extend thigh, flex leg and medially rotate |
| biceps femoris | flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed |
| tibialis anterior | dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot |
| gastrocnemius | "the calf" plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended, raises heel during walking; flexes leg at knee joint |
| soleus | plantarflexes ankle independent of position of knee & steadies leg on foot |
| plantaris | weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee |
| hamstring muscle | semitendinous, semimembranosus, long head of biceps femoris |
| flexors | iliopsoas,sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus, gracilis |
| genu varum | tibia diverted medially |
| genu valgum | tibia diverted laterally |
| hallux valgus | lateral deviation of the great toe |
| talipes equinovarus | "clubfoot" congenital disorder affecting more boys than girls; the ankle is plantarflexed, the forefoot is adducted; the foot assumes the position of a horse's hoof |
| sprain | tearing of tissues, ligaments, muscles and tendons |
| strain | overstretching injury with muscle tears; less severe than sprain |
| buccinator | presses cheek against molar teeth, aiding in chewing |
