| A | B |
|---|
| Who was Abu-Bakr? | After Muhammad's death, he was the first caliph. |
| Who were the rightly guided caliphs? | Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali |
| Why did Abu-Bakr need to use military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad? | Some tribes had abandoned Islam, some refused to pay taxes, a few declared themselves prophets. |
| By the end of the rule of the "rightly guided" caliphs, how large was the Muslim Empire? | It was 6000 miles: from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River. |
| What were the reasons for the success of the 4 "rightly guided" caliphs? | Muslims saw victories as Allah's support; they were willing to extend and defend Islam; armies were well disciplined & commanded; Byzantine & Persian empires were weak; persecuted people welcomed the invaders (liberators); Muslims allowed conquered people to retain their religions. |
| What happened to Uthman and to Ali? | Both were murdered; the elective system of choosing a caliph died with Ali. |
| Who was Muawiya? | He was a governor in Syria who challended Uthman's right to be caliph. |
| What changes did the Umayyads make to the position of caliph? | They made succession hereditary; they moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus; the abandoned the simple life of caliphs (see 239). |
| What did the Shi'a believe about succession of the caliph? | They believed the Caliph needed to be a relative of the Prophet Muhammad. |
| What did the Sunni believe about the succession of the caliph? | They did not outwardly resist the rule of the Umayyads (hereditary succession), but many believed the Umayyads were too conerned wtih worldly affairs. |
| How were the Sufi different from the Shi'a and Sunni? | They were against the wealthy life led by the Umayyads; this group followed a life of povety and devotion. |
| What additional influence added standards to Islamic conduct? | There was a growth in scholarship; this included study of Muhammad's traditions, the Arabic language, development of school of shari'a. |
| Who were the Abbasids? | Several groups overthrew the Umayyads around 750; this groups was the strongest, so they took control of the empire. |
| Who was Abd al-Rahman? | He was the only member of the Umayyad family to escape murder by the Abbasids. He went to Spain & set up an Umayyad dynasty there. |
| Who were the Berbers? | They were Muslims from North Africa who had conquered Spain prior to the arrival of Abd al-Rahman. |
| Who was Tariq? | The powerful military leader of the Berbers (Jabal Tariq = Gibraltar now). He advanced to within 100 miles of Paris before being stopped at the Battle of tours in 732. |
| Identify al-Andalus. | This was the name of the Muslim state formed in southern Spain. |
| Why did the Abbasids move the capital city to Baghdad? | To solidify power, they made this move; it also let the caliph trade goods, get gold more easily, and get information about parts of the empire in Asia, Africa, and Europe. |
| What were examples of the bureaucracy established by the Abbasids to handle their empire's affairs? | They had a treasury, a chancery, a dept. for army affairs, and sent diplomats to Europe, Africa, and Asia. |
| What did the Abbasids do to support their large bureaucracy? | They taxed land, imports, and exports, and the wealth of non-Muslims. |
| Even though smaller independed Muslim states sprang up (i.e., the Fatimid Dynasty) within the Abbasid caliphate, what held the lands together? | The unifying factors: religion, language, trade, economy |
| What were the two major seat-trading zones used in the Muslim Trade Network? | Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean |
| What land network was used by the Muslim Trade Network? | The Silk Roads of China and India were connected with Europe and Africa. |
| What language(s) did Muslim traders need when conducting their business? | They only needed Arabic. |
| What monetary exchange did Muslim merchants need when traveling from Cordoba to Baghdad to China? | They only needed the Abbasid dinar. |
| What was the origin on checks? | Muslim money changers set up banks that offered letters of credit called sakks to merchants; in Europe, this work was pronounced "check". With the letter, a merchant could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other major city in the empire. |
| Compare the population of Cordoba and of Paris in the 900's. | Cordoba: 500,000; Paris: 38,000! |
