| A | B |
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| Give the years of the Middle Ages. | It went from around 500 to 1500. |
| What were the changes that altered governments, economy, and culture as repeated invasions and constant warfare occurred? | Trade was disrupted, so businesses collapsed, destroying Europe's cities and making $ scarce. As cities fell, they were abandoned as administrative centers. Nobles left to rural areas, so cities had no strong leadership. |
| Why did learning decline with the invasion of Germanic groups? | Those groups could not read or write; as people left for rural areas, only priests and church officials were left as literate ones. |
| By the 800's what languages had evolved from Latin? | French, Spanish, and some other Roman-based languages |
| Compare unifying influences in Roman society with those in Germanic society. | Roman: loyalty to public government and written law; Germanic: family ties and personal loyalty. |
| What responsibility did a Germanic chief have to his warriors? | In peacetime: he gave them lodging, food, weapons,treasure. During war, they'd died for him, if needed. |
| Why was it impossible to establish an orderly government for large territories of Germanic peoples? | They had no obligation to a king they didn't know; they wouldn't give taxes or follow official justice dispensed by on official to whom they felt no loyalty. |
| Why did Clovis become a Christian? | During a battle, his gods seemed to be failing him; he prayed to his wife Clothilde's Christian God, and the battle was won. |
| By 511, what feat had Clovis accomplished? | He had united the Franks into one kingdom and had allied with the Church (creating an alliance between two powerful forces). |
| Name some of the ways in which Christianity was spread. | Politics: Frankish rulers convered many Germanic peoples; missionairies worked among Germanic and Celtic goups; the fear of coastal attacks by Muslims made many become Christians. |
| What took place in monastaries? | Christian men (monks) gave up worldly possessions & became God's servants. Nuns lived in convents. |
| What was Benedicts emphasis in describing a monastic life? | He said one needed a balance between work and study. |
| Who was Scholastica? | She was Benedict's sister; she headed a convent and had the same rules as did her brother. They devoted their lives to prayer and good works. |
| Monasteries were considered Europes' best educated communities. What did monks do to earn this reputation? | They opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. They made copies of religious writings, decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures; the manuscripts preserved a part of Rome's intellectual heritage. |
| Identify Venerable Bede. | He was an English monk, and in 731, he wrote a history of England which is still considered the best historical work of the early Middle Ages. |
| In what ways did Gregory I expand papal authority? | He became involved in politics (secular); using church $, he raised armies, repaired roads, and helped the poor; he negotiated peace treaties (i.e., with Lombards); acted as mayor of Rome; said region from Italy to England and from Spain to W. Germany was his domain. He started the idea of the churchly kingdom ruled by a pope. |
| Of what dynasty was a Clovis part? | The Merovingian Dynasty. |
| Who was Charles Martel? | Also Charles the Hammer; mayor (major domo) of a palace; held more power than king. He defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours in 732, keeping western Europe out of the Muslim Empire. |
| Who started the Carolingian Dynasty? | Pepin the Short did; he was son of Charles Martel. Pope made him king after Pepin fought the Lombards who were threatening Rome. |
| Who were Pepin the Short's sons? | Caroloman and Charles (Charlemagne) |
| How did Christianity spread under Charlemagne's rule? | He conquered new lands to the south and east; he reunited western Europe. |
| By 800, how large was Charlemagne's empire? | It included 2/3 of Italy, all of current France, small part of Spain, and all of German Saxony. |
| Why was Charlemagne crowned emperor? | He had crushed an out of control mob attacking the pope; in return, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. This event joined the Germanic power, the Church, and heritage of the Roman Empire. |
| How did Charlemagne keep an eye on the counts? | He had royal agents go throughout the empire seeing that counts governed their counties justly. |
| What part did Charlemagne play in the regular workings of his kingdom? | He visited every part of it regularly, jusged cases, settled disputes, rewarded faithful followers, closely watched management of his huge estates, and encouraged learning. |
| Louis the Pious followed Charlemagne and was ineffective. How did Louis' three sons do? | The three, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German, fought each other for power. At the Treaty of Verdun, they divided Charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms. Central authority broke down. |
