| A | B |
|---|
| What analogy did Pope Gelasius I create to explain how the Church and emperor could co-exist? | the two swords: one religious & one political; pope should bow to emperor in political matters, and emperor should bow to pope in religious ones. |
| Give the hierarchy of the church. | Pope; bishops; priests. |
| Why was "The Age of Faith" an apprpriate title for the Middle Ages? | The church provided stability, a sense of security, and a community to which they could belong. |
| What are sacraments? | They are Christian ceremonies in which God's grace is transmitted to people. (examples: baptism & confirmation) |
| What is canon law? | the law of the Church; kings, peasants, everyone was subject to it in mattters like marriage and religious practices. |
| What power did a pope hold over a king? | The pope could excommunicate a king (banish him from the church & from salvation), and this freed the king's vassals from their duties to the king. Pope could also use an interdict under which NO sacraments & religious services could be done in the king's land, thus upsetting the people of the kingdom. |
| Why did Otto I invade Italy for the pope? | Otto hoped to limit the power of his nobles and also form an alliance with the church so he'd have some domination there. |
| What was the result of Otto invading Italy for the pope? | The pope crowned him emperor. |
| What is lay investiture? | It's a ceremony in which kings and nobles appoint church officials. Whoever controlled it had the power of naming bishops. |
| Why did Pope Bregory VII ban layinvestiture in 1075? | He didn't like the control investiture gave emperors over the clergy. |
| What was the result of Pope Gregory VII's ban on lay investiture? | Emperor Henry IV sent a letter to Gregory VII demanding that he step down. Henry did this with the approval of the German bishops he'd appointed. |
| How did Gregory VII receive Henry IV's demand to leave the papcy? | Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV! German bishops and princes sided with the pope. |
| How did Henry IV get his excommunication retracted? | Henry spent three days outside a castle in Canossa where the pope was; Henry was in the snow begging for forgiveness, which the pope finally granted. |
| What did the showdown at Canossa solve? | NOTHING: Henry IV punished nobles who sided with the pope against him; the question of lay investiture was not decided. |
| What was the purpose of the Concordat of Worms? | It met to decide the issue of lay investiture. |
| What was the compromise negotiated at the Concordat of Worms? | The Church can grant the bishop his symbols of church office (ring and staff); the emperor had veto power over appointment of that bishop. |
| What was Frederick I's nickname? | Barbarossa |
| What did Frederick I call his lands? | He was the first to call them the Holy Roman Empire. |
| What was the Lombard League? | It was an alliance of Frederick's enemies, who objected to his brutal tactics. |
| What was the outcome of the Battle Of Legano in 1176? | The Lombard League soldiers defeated Frederick I's forces; they used crossbows. Frederisk made peace with the pope in 1177, and Frederick returned to Germany to face disintegration of his kingdom. |
