| A | B |
|---|
| Genomic organization of prokaryotes | circle of naked DNA attached to the membrane |
| Genomic organization of eukaryotes | DNA is associated with proteins, forming "chromatin" |
| chromosomes | a unit of chromatin |
| chromatin | a single linear piece of DNA |
| eukaryotic chromosomes can be seen during | mitosis when a chromatin "condenses" |
| transcription, translation, and chromosome replication take place during | interphase |
| just prior to cell division is | M phase or Mitotic phase with mitotic spindle |
| chromosomes are spread out in a long strand during | interphase |
| chromosomes are in a tightly packed formation during | mitotic phase |
| only 1 parent yields ______ with ______ number of chromosomes | homolytes, haploid 1N |
| one copy of chromosomes from each parent | diploid 2N |
| number of chromosomes in mitotic cells prior to division | tetraploid 4N |
| females have 23 pairs of ______ chromosomes | homologous |
| males have 22 pairs of _____ chromosomes and 1 _____ XY pair | homologous, nonhomologous |
| human ______ cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes | interphase |
| ______ are identified by different banding patterns | mitotic chromosomes |
| end of chromosome | telomere |
| the specialized regions in chromosomes | replication origin, centromere, telomere |
| replicate very late - hold daughter chromosomes together during replication | centromere |
| centromere binds protein complex called ______ which associates with mitotic spindles composed of cytoskeletal elements which are ropes that pull it apart during M phase | kineticore |
| ______ composed of repeated sequences - protected from exonucleases, attract an enzyme called telomerase - carries with it its own RNA template. Puts in extra bases on lagging strand making room for 1 or 2 Okazaki Fragments - can end up in a slightly longer chromosome. | telomeres |
| With age ______ don't work as well, may lead to shortening of chromosomes with age - may be why you die. | telomerases |
| In replication of telomeres, an incomplete newly synthesized lagging strand of DNA has an ______ on its ___' end. Also, telomerase adds additional repeats to the ___' template strand. Then ____ synthesis from the the RNA primer completes the _____ strand and DNA repair occurs giving a replicated chromosome end. | RNA primer, 5', 3', lagging |
| 3 reasons to package DNA | 1. length of DNA = 2m, size of nucleus is 5 micro m. 2. need to separate strands during cell division 3. need to access for transcription |
| 5 levels of packaging | Nucleosome, 30 nm fiber/Solenoid, loops, rossettes, chromosome |
| Nucleosomes look like | beads on a string |
| In nucleosomes DNA is wrapped around proteins called _____ and area in between. | histones |
| histones are ____ charged because DNA is ____ charged | positively, negatively |
| 4 sets of 2 histones form the _____ | histone core particle |
| what connects the core histones to other core histones | linker DNA |
| what digests linker DNA and what gets released from this digestion? | nuclease, nucleosome core particle |
| the nucleosome includes the ____ and _____ | histone core partcle and 200 nucleotide pairs of DNA |
| what are the 4 sets of histones that form the histone core particle? | H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 |
| what is the width of the released nucleosome core particle? | 11 nm |
| the released nucleosome core particle is dissociated with a high concentration of salt into the _____ and the _____ | octameric histone core, 146-nucleotide-pair DNA double helix |
| DNA is wrapped _____ around histone core particle to form _____ | twice, nucleosome core particle |
| nucleosome proper constitutes _____ and _____ | nucleosome core particle, linker DNA |
| Histones _____ slow down transcription but _____ | don't, may move out of the way |
| histones can be ____ and this opens up packaging of _____ making it easier to ____ | acetylated, chromatin, transcribe |
| ____ is found in the linker region | Histone H1 |
| when nucleosomes supercoil into solenoid it brings _____ together where they ____ and _____ the solenoid | H1s, bind, stabilize |
| width of fiber/solenoid | 30 nm |
| solenoid attached to _____ which is cytoskeleton inside nucleus | nuclear matrix / nuclear lamina |
| the loops of DNA attached through sequence of DNA called Matrix Attachment Region (MAR), also called ___ | Scaffle Attachment Region (SAR) |
| the portion of chromatin that is in the upper region of the loop is | inactive DNA / inactive chromatin / junk DNA |
| the portion of chromatin that is in the lower region near the ____ has the _____ | MAR / Matrix Attachment Region, active genes |
| the MAR includes loops of DNA and attached to ____ | nuclear matrix |
| _____ goes into _____ goes into _____ goes into _____ goes into _____ | nucleosome, solenoid, loops, rossettes, chromosome |
| rossettes for the arms of _____ | chromosomes |
| chromatin packing changes ____ and ____ | temporally, spatially |
| all 5 levels of chromatin exist _____ | only in the M phase |
| DNA can exist _____ along the 5 levels of chromatin | anywhere |
| draw the temporal changes diagram | now damnit |
| temporal changes of M-Mitosis | no transcription, chromatin is condensed |
| 3 parts of temporal changes during interphase | G1-growth1, S-sysnthesis, G2-growth 2 |
| temporal changes of G1 Growth phase | transcription active, chromatin relaxed closer to simple nucleosomes |
| temporal changes of S-Synthesis | no transcription, chromatin is relaxed |
| temporal changes of G2-Growth phase | transcription active, chromatin relaxed |
| what happens between end of division and G2? | mismatch repair, needed nick in new strand to identify it |
| most condensed form of chromatin | heterochromatin |
| spatial changes of heterochromatin | replicated late, not transcribed |
| most relaxed form of chromatin | euchromatin |
| spatial changes of euchromatin | replicated early, easily transcribed |
| draw and label the interphase nucleus | now damnit |
| what does IKAROS do? | It pulls genes in and out of heterochromatin and euchromatin to control their transcription |
| Each chromosome occupies a | chromosome territory |
| chromosome territory includes | inactive heterochromatin, IKAROS, and active euchromatin |
| what is the Interchromosomal domain? | the area between chromosomal territory |
| Where is euchromatin found ? Check on this one. | in the periphery of chromosome territory near the chromosomal domain |
| RNA made in ____ is shedded into the _____ and exported out the ____ | euchromatin, interchromosomal domain, nuclear pores |
| interchromosomal domains are continuous with ____ | nuclear pores |
