| A | B |
|---|
| Black Death | Bubonic plague transmitted by fleas on black rats |
| Great Schism | Split in Roman Catholic Church when there were two popes |
| sovereign power | sole authority of monarch throughout the realm |
| Hundred Years' War | War between England and France fro 1337 until 1453 |
| Joan of Arc | illiterate French peasant girl who helped lead the French during the Hundred Years' War |
| Wars of the Roses | English Civil War that followed the Hundred Years' War |
| Golden Bull | Issued by Charles IV in 1356 saying that pope would no longer select the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Unam Sanctum | Pope Boniface VIII's decree that pope had authority over all earthly kings |
| Babylonian Captivity | French king controlled the papacy; pope located in Avignon, France |
| Welsh Longbow | weapon used in the Hundred Years' War which ended usefulness of knights |
| John Wycliff | Oxford scholar who helped translate the Bible into English |
| Jan Hus | follower of John Wycliff who was burned at the stake as a heretic |
| standard of living | way of describing how good the quality of life is |
| Commercial Revolution | resulted from economic development and improvements in business methods |
| capital | means to produce money with which to buy other things or invest in business |
| double-entry bookkeeping | practice to keep better track of profits and loses |
| joint-stock company | partnerships for shares of an enterprise; reduced business risk |
| Renaissance | rebirth of European civilization |
| Humanism | movement that focused on study of the classics and emphazided importance of human beings |
| Petrarch | Humanist who inspired changes in scholastic education |
| Lorenzo de Medici | aka The Magnificient; banker, politician and patron of the arts |
| condottieri | professional soldiers |
| balance of power | efforts to keep one country from getting too much power |
| Civic Humanism | applying principles of humanism to civil service |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince; the ends justify the means |
| Leonardo da Vinci | painter, sculptor, architect, engineer |
| Michelangelo | sculptor who painted Sistine Chapel |
| Johannes Gutenberg | developed printing press with movable metal type |
| Christian Humanism | applying humanist principles to religion |
| Desiderius Erasmus | wrote In Praise of Folly |
| Sir Thomas More | wrote Utopia |
| Elizabethan Age | Renaissance in England |
| William Shakespeare | wrote comedies and tragedies that appealed to ordinary people |
| Albrect Durer | Northern European artist |
| Flemish School | artists from Flanders (the Netherlands) who were noted for their landscape paintins |
| Indulgences | pardons issued by the pope so people could reduce their time in purgatory |
| Protestant Reformation | challenge to the Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | 95 Theses |
| Wittenberg Church | where 95 Theses were posted |
| Diet of Worms | council of Holy Roman Empire rulers who judged Martin Luther |
| Frederick the Wise | helped Luther escape |
| sects | small religious groups |
| Predestination | idea that God knew who would be saved even before people were born |
| John Calvin | French Protestant who created a theocracy in Geneva. |
| Henry VIII | King of England who broke with the Catholic Church |
| Geoffry Chaucer | wrote Canterbury Tales |
| The Act of Supremacy | 1534 English Parliament establish the Church of England with Henry VIII as its head, not the pope |
| Council of Trent | reformed the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation |
| Counter-Reformation | Response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation |
| Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Peace of Augsburg | 1555,each German prince could establish the religion for his kingdom |
| Edict of Nantes | French truce between Catholics and Protestants that allowed Protestants to continue to practice their religion |
| Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | 1572, over 20,000 Protestants killed in France |
| Thirty Years' War | began in 1618 in city of Prague |
| Defenestration | act of throwing people or things out of a window (like representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor) |
| Treaty of Westphalia | 1648, ended Thirty Years' War |
