| A | B |
|---|
| absolutism | monarch had complete political power over their subjects |
| sovereignty | supreme power of national monarchs |
| Divine Right of Kings | justified absolutism: The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth. |
| Thomas Hobbs | wrote The Leviathan: justified absolutism based on man's bad nature |
| Cardinal Richelieu | advisor to King Louis XIII of France; one of the most important architects of absolutism |
| Huguenots | target of Richelieu because they threatened France's unity |
| Louis XIV | L' etat c'est moi. |
| War of Spanish Succession | 1700, involved most of Europe, Luois XIV wanted Philip of Anjou on Spanish throne |
| Treaty of Utrecht | ended War of Spanish Succession |
| Czar | aka Tsar; Russian for "caesar" |
| Ivan the Terrible | trusted no one, Russian absolutist monarch |
| Time of Troubles | in Russia following death of Ivan the Terrible |
| Peter the Great | Westernized Russia |
| westernization | deliberately copying western European methods and culture |
| St. Petersburg | Russia's window to the West on the Baltic Sea |
| Holy Roman Empire | decentralized by absolutism |
| France | role-model of absolutism in Europe |
| Habsburgs | powerful family in Holy Roman Empire |
| Elizabeth I | skillful with Parliament |
| Charles I | lost his head in fight with Parliament |
| Oliver Cromwell | abolished English monarchy and ruled England as a commonwealth |
| Charles II | came out of exile to restore English monarchy |
| Glorious Revolution | deposed James II without a fight |
| William and Mary | joint crown to succeed James II |
| English Bill of Rights | had to be accepted by William and Mary before gaing throne |
| Constitutional Monarchy | Parliamentary control over the monarch |
| John Locke | wrote Two Treatises of Government |
| Great Chain of Being | idea left over from Middle Ages |
| Body Politic | European comparison of political structures to the Great Chain of Being |
| Middle Class | important source of economic and political power |
| enclosure | landowners closed off previously common areas in an attempt to gain income |
| scapegoat | someone to blame for something |
| Witch-hunts | due in large measure to religious conflict in Europe during 1500s & 1600s |
| The Great Migration | movement of English Puritans to New World colonies to escape religious persecution |
| geocentric model | earth is the center of the universe |
| heliocentric model | sun is the center of the universe |
| Ptolemy | Greek astronomer who developed geocentric model |
| alchemists | earliest "chemists" who tried to turn ordinary materials into gold |
| Astrologers | tried to study the stars using complex calulations |
| Scientific Revolution | movement rejecting ancient concepts of science and the universe |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who challenged Ptolemaic geocentric universe; wrote On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres |
| Johannes Kepler | German mathematician supported Copernicus; planets move in elliptical path |
| Galileo | improved the telescope; developed laws of motion; supported Copernicus and Kepler |
| Andreas Vesalius | wrote: On the Fabric of the Human Body |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek | used the microscope to study bacteria |
| Robert Hooke | English scientist who discovered cells |
| Sir Francis Bacon | promoted inductive logic (reasoning from specific to the general); wrote Novum Organum |
| Rene Descartes | wrote Discourse on Method; I think therefore I am; promoted deductive logic (from general to specific) |
| Scientific Method | combination of logical deductive reasoning from self-evident principles with inductive reasoning from collection and observation of data through repeatable experiments |
| Sir Isaac Newton | laws of falling bodies, gravity, developed calculus, physical laws of motion |
