| A | B |
|---|
| Oliver O. Howard | Head of Bureau to help blacks, later founded Howard University in D.C. |
| Andrew Johnson | 17th President, succeeded Lincoln after assassination. |
| Alexander Stephens | Southern congressman during reconstruction, ex vice-president of confederacy. |
| Charles Sumner | A republican "radical" in the Senate, Sumner labored for black rights and racial equality. |
| Thaddeus Stevens | Another "radical" republican. Lawyer and congressman, defended runaway blacks for free. |
| William Seward | Secretary of state, bought Alaska from Russia. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Created to cope with the problem of unskilled black workers. |
| 10% Plan | For Southern state to be restored formally into the Union, 10% of voters had to take oath of allegiance to the United States. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | Improvement on 10% Plan, it required that 50% of state voters take oath of allegiance for readmission into the Union. |
| conquered provinces | Idea in Congress that southern states ahd forfeited their rights and could return only as if they had conquered territories. |
| Radical Republicans | Felt that southern states should be punished for their crime. |
| Moderate Republicans | Majority; Felt that southern states could return to Union easily. |
| Black Codes | Different codes to regulate the new free blacks, they were basically an attempt to keep the blacks inferior. |
| sharecropping | Groups of poor whites and blacks that all shared a single piece of land. |
| Civil Rights Act | Conferred on blacks the right of citizenship. Directly opposed the black codes. |
| Fourteenth Amendment | Gave all blacks all rights of American citizens except the right to vote. Also forced Southern states to acknowledge citizenshp of blacks. |
| swing around the circle | In 1866, Johnson gives various "give 'em hell" speeches to Congress. Congress openly yells back at him. |
| Military Reconstruction Act | Passed in 1867, split South into five parts each headed by a general, created to assist in reconstructing as well as keep rioters in line. |
| Fifteenth Amendment | Passed in 1870, incorporates black suffrage, radicals were very pleased. |
| Ex Parte Milligan | Ruling stating that military courts could not try civilians as long as civil courts were running. |
| radical regimes | Groups of radical republicans who attempted to take over southern governments with their ideals. |
| scalawags | Southerners who cooperated with northern carpetbaggers to implement Radical Reconstruction. |
| carpetbaggers | Northerners who came south after the war to take advantage of Radical Reconstruction efforts at the expense of the southern white population. |
| Ku Klux Klan | Founded in Tennessee in 1866, organization created to oppose government and especially harass and secure blacks. |
| Force Acts | Established in 1871 in an attempt to stop groups such as KKK and other hate groups. |
| Tenure of Office Act | Passed in 1867, forced the president to get approval from Congress before firing any cabinet appointees. |
| Seward's Folly | Many people were very opposed to Seward's purchase of Alaska. |
