| A | B |
|---|
| Plants evolved from | multicellular protists:algae |
| First land plants | bryophytes |
| vascular system | conducts water, minerals and food throughout plant |
| spores | reproductive structure for bryophytes and ferns |
| gametophyte generation | haploid (n), dominant in bryophytes |
| sporophyte generation | diploid (2n), dominant all plants except bryophytes |
| ferns | reproduce by spores; have vascular systems |
| seed plants | evolved about 120 million years ago |
| "naked seeds" | gymnosperms |
| flowering plants | angiosperms |
| oldest and tallest trees | kinds of conifers |
| flower pollinators | wind, insects and animals |
| gymnosperm pollinator | wind |
| fertilized, mature ovary | fruit |
| "double fertilization" | occurs in flowering plants |
| seed dispersal agents | wind, animals and water |
| three basic parts of a plant | roots, stems and leaves |
| roots | hold the plant in place |
| stems | hold the plant upright |
| leaves | "food factories" of the plant |
| xylem | transports water and minerals throughout the plant |
| capillary action | one force that pulls water up from roots through the xylem |
| phloem | transports carbohydrates throughout the plant |
| "sink" | anywhere in the plant that carbohydrates are transported to |
| "source" | anyplace in the plant that produces carbohydrates that will be transported |
| cuticle | waxy covering on the epidermis of leaves |
| palisade layer | leaf layer where most photosynthesis takes place |
| spongy layer | leaf layer where stomata allow gases to enter and exit |
| gravitropism | plant growth in response to gravity |
| thigmotropism | plant growth in response to touch |
| phototropism | plant growth in response to light |
| compound leaves | a leaf that is really many leaflets |
| simple leaves | a leaf that consist of one entire leaf blade |
| petiole | the leaf stalk |
| vascular bundles | clusters of xylem and phloem in a plant stem |
