| A | B |
|---|
| What institution grew stronger throughout the Middle Ages and provided the cultural mortar or center for feudal society? | Roman Catholic Church |
| Why did the Bishops in Rome claim they were the head of the Church? | They were successors of St. Peter to whom Christ had granted the Keys to the Kingdom. |
| What is meant by the Two Swords? | The authority of the pope over church matters and earthly kings. |
| How did the Pope exert pressure over kings? | Threat of ex communication and interdict. |
| Identify ways in which Christianity was an essential part of everyday life? | Education and healing arts, religious rites and the calendar. |
| How did the Church keep learning alive in the Dark Ages? | Clergy were the few who could read and write (monks copied books by hand). |
| What is an illuminated manuscript and what is the most famous example of that? | A hand written, illustrated book on parchment using gold leaf: Book of Kells. |
| What style of cathedral in the 12th century reflected God's glory in a dazzling new way? | Gothic |
| What architectural innovation made Gothic windows and interior space possible? | Flying buttresses. |
| What was the social and political system with a hierarchy of social classes bound by mutual obligations and protections? | Feudalism |
| Who is the head of the feudal secular hierarchy? | A king |
| Who is head of medieval religious hierarchy? | Pope |
| How did the Eastern Church in Byzantium differ from the Roman Church? | Eastern (Orthodox) Church believed they were authorities in only spiritual matters. |
| Who was the notable Frankish King who was crowned emperor on Christmas Day 800? | Charlemagne |
| At what battle did William of Normandy conquer England in 1066? | Hastings |
| What the effect of Norman conquest on England? | French (Norman) kings spread feudalism to England. |
| What people were the native population in England conquered by William in 1066? | Angles and Saxons |
| What embroidery provides a detailed and vivid description of the English conquest and life in the 11th century? | Bayeaux Tapestry |
| What caused feudalism to develop in Europe? | Need for protection from waves of baribarian invasions made safely and military protection essential and the disruption of trade made self-sufficiency important. |
| What is a vassal? | A person who owes allegiance, service, products and obedience to a lord in exchange for protection. |
| What is the Black Death? | Bubonic plague |
| What was the result of the Black Death on the European population? | One-third died |
| How did the Black Death affect the feudal system? | The shortage of peasants made them demand better payment and treatment; this lead to some moving to towns and others turned to violence in a series of peasant revolts. |
| How did the Black Death affect the authority of the Church? | People thought they were being punished by God for their sins but when even priests got the plague or penance did no good, it undermined the authority of the Church as the only source of truth and knowledge. |
| Where did the bubonic plague come from and how was it transmitted? | From China and it was carried by fleas on rats |
| What are innovations that promoted long distance trade in the later Middle Ages? | Use of coin and credit and double-entry bookkeeping |
| How were Jews affected by the black plague? | They were blamed and many were killed or attacked. |
| What economic niche were Jews allowed to fill in Middle Ages? | Christians were forbidden to lend money at interest, so there were laws that said only Jews could practice usury. They were in many places not allowed to own land, so they lived in ghettoes in towns. |
| What two factors contributed most to the rise of cities and towns independent of the control by feudal lords? | Improvement in agriculture like the horse harness expanded the food supply and the growth of trade encouraged businesses and crafts. |
| What is a guild? | An association of craftsmen who do one kind of job for quality control and their mutual benefit. |
| What are the stages of belonging to a guild? | First is a learner (apprentice), a journeyman and finally a master craftsman. |
| What is the Magna Carta and why is it important? | The 1215 Great charter is a document that guarantees freedoms to English nobles and it is the basis for our personal freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. |
| Which countries fought the Hundred Years' War and what was its effect? | England and France fought over competing claims to kingship. It proved that mounted armored knights were outmoded and gained the Normandy coast for France. |
| What famous battles proved the worth of the English longbow? | Agincourt. |
| What peasant girl heard angelic voices and led the armies of France to victory at Orleans? | Joan of Arc. |
| What is the economic system that eveolved into autonomous feudal estates? | Manorialism |
| What are the effects of the Crusades? | At first it strengthened the pope's control and prestige but later papal authority eroded due to failure; it motivated lords and knights to leave the manors and undertake long distance travel, it created a desire for luxury goods, it brought new welath and status to mediterranean Italian trading centers like Venice. |
