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| biology | the study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world. |
| data | information obtained from experiments, sometimes called experimental results. |
| control | in an experiment, the standard in which all of the conditions are kept the same. |
| hypothesis | explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested. |
| binomial nomenclature | two-word system to name species; 1st word identifies the genus of the organism, the 2nd word describes a characteristic of the organism. |
| classification | grouping of objects or information based on similarities. |
| fungus | group of unicellular or multicellular heterophic eukaryotes that do not move from place to place; absorb nutirents from organic matrerials in the environment. |
| kingdom | taxonomic grouping of similar phyla or divisions. |
| phylum, division | taxonomic grouping of similar classes. |
| class | taxonomic grouping of similar orders. |
| order | taxonomic grouping of similar families |
| family | in taxonomy, a group of similar genera |
| genus | first word of a two-part scientific names used to identify a group of similar species. |
| species | group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile off-spring in nature. |
| taxonomy | branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their shared characteristics; biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonomists. |
| homologous structures | structures with common evolutionary origins; can be similar in arrangement, in funtion, or both |
| natural selection | mechanism for change in populations; occurs when organisms with certain variations survive, reproduce, and pass their variations to the next generation |
| conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in some bacteria where one bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to another through a bridgelike structure called a pilus. |
| vestigial structure | body structure that has no function in a present-day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor; provides evidence of evolution |
| endospore | structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that conatins DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm encased by a protective outer covering; germinates during favorable conditions. |
| bacteriophage | viruses that infect and destroy bacteria (phages) |
| provirus | viral DNA that is integrated into a host cell's chromosome and replicated each time the host cell replicates. |
| lysogenic cycle | viral replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is intergrated into the host cell's chromosome; provirus is formed and replicated |
| strepto- | a prefix that refers to an arrangement of chains of cells |
| coccus | sphere-shaped bacteria |
| pencillin | an antibiotic that interferes with the ability of some bacteria to make cell walls |
| kingdom protista | in this kingdom all organisms share the characteristic that they are all eukaryotes |
| green algae | the most diverse algaewhich has the major pigment chlorophyll |
| gametophyte | haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes |
| mycorrhizae | mutualistic relationship in which a fungus lives symbiotically with a plant. |
| lichen | organism formed from a symbiotic association between a fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthetic green alga or cyanobacteria. |
| vascular plants | plants that have vascular tissues for the transport of water, food, and other materials throughout the plant; enables taller growth and survival on land. |
| anthophytes | flowering plants, the largest, most diverse group of seed plants living on Earth |
| seed dispersal mechanisms | these are important because they reduce competition for sunlight, soil, and water getween the parent plant and its offspring |
| central cell fertilization | when one of the sperm cells fuses with the central cell to form a cell with a triploid nucleus |
| double fertilization | fertilization process unique to anthophytes in which one sperm fertilizes the haploid egg and the other sperm joins with the dipoid central cell |
| ovule | in seed plants, the sporophyte structure surroounding the developing female gametophyte; forms the seed after fertization |
| complete flower | sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils |
| bilateral symmetry | animals with a body plan that can be divided down its length into two similar right and left halves that form mirror images of each other. |
| endoderm | layers of cells on the inner surface of the gastrula; will eventually develop into the lining of the animal's digestive tract and organs associated with digestion. |
| ectoderm | the layer of cells on the outer suface of the gastrula |
| mesoderm | the third cell layer found in the developing embryo between the ectoderm and the endoderm |
| peristalsis | series of involuntary smooth muscle contractions along the walls of the digestive tract that move food from the mouth to the stomach |
| duodenum | the first 25 cm of the small intestine |
| large intestine, bacteria | make some B vitamins and vitamin K |
| digestive tract | where digestion takes place beginning at the mouth winding through the body to the anus |
| scientific language | Latin, because this language does not change |
| Aristotle classification | two groups: plants and animals |
| mimicry | structural adaptation evolved in some species where one species resembes another |
| lichen | organism formed from a association between a fungus |
| mycorrhizae | mutualistic relationship in which fungus lives symbiotically with a plant |
| gametophyte | haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes |
| double fertilization | fertilization process unique to anthophytes in which one sperm fertilizes the haploid egg and other sperm join with the diploid central cell |
| ovule | in seed plants the sporophyte structure surrounding the developing female gametophyte ; forms the seed after fertilization |
| bilateral symmetry | animals with a body plan that can be divided down it's length into two similar right and left halves that form a mirror image of each other |
| endoderm | layer of cells on the inner surface of the gastrula will eventually develop into the lining of the animals digestive tract in organs associated with digestion |
| ectoderm | layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula eventually developes into the skin and nervous tissue of the animal |
| mesoderm | middle cell layer in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm developes into the muscles, circulatory system, and excretory system, and in some animals, respitory system |
| bile | chemical substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that helps break down fats during digestion |
| peristalsis | series of involuntary smooth muscle contractions along the walls of the digestive tract that move from the mouth to the stomach |
| blastula | hollow ball of cells in a layer surrounding a fluid-filled space |
| large intestine, bacteria | muscular tube through which indigestible materials are passed to the rectum for excretion |
| digestive tract | the organs in which break down certain foods |
| esophagus | muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; moves food by peristalsis |
| epiglottis | flap of cartilage that closes over the opening of the respitory tract during swallowing; prevents food from entering respitory tract |
| ecosystem | interactions amoung populations in a community; the communities physical surroundings |
| camouflage | structural adaptation that enables species to blend with their surroundings |
| cuticle | protective, waxy coating on the outer surface of the epidermis of most stems, leaves, and fruits |
| gastrula | animal embryo development stage where cells on one side of the blastula fold inward forming a cavity of two or three layers of the cells with the opening at one end. |
| rectrum | last part of the digestive system through which feces passes before it exits the body through the anus |
| root | plant organ that absorbs water and minerals from the soil, transports those nutrients to the stem, and anchors the plant in the ground |
| symbiosis | permanent, close association between two or more organisms of different species |
| seed | adaptive reproductive structure of seed plants consisting of an embryo, a food supply, and a protective coat |
| sessile | organism that does not move from place to place but is permanently attached to the surface |
| pistil | female reproduction structure of a flower; bottom portion forms the ovary |
| pepsin | enzyme found in gastric juices; begins the chemical digestion of proteins in food |
| liver | a large complex organ of the digestive system that prodcues many chemicals for digestion, including bile |
