| A | B |
|---|
| revolutionary | relating to or causing the overthrow of a government or other great change |
| revolution | a complete change in government, oten acheived through violent means |
| imperialism | the control by one country of the political and economic life of another |
| absolute monarch | a ruler who has complete power over his or her subjects |
| consumer goods | the goods that ordinary people buy, such as food, clothing, and cars |
| policy | one of the methods and plans a government uses to do its work |
| civil war | a war between groups in a country |
| city-state | a city that is also an independent nation |
| textile | a cloth product |
| Industrial Revolution | a period in European history during the early 1800s when products once made by hand in homes began to be made by machines in factories |
| monarch | the ruler of a kingdom or empire, such as a king or queen |
| alliance | a mutual agreement between countries to protect and defend each other |
| dictator | a leader who has absolute power, for example Josef Stalin in Russia |
| empire | a large collection of lands ruled by a single government |
| feudalism | a kind of society in which people worked and sometimes fought for a local lord in return for protection and the use of land |
| scientific revolution | a movement that took place during the 1600s and 1700s, when scientists began to base their study of the world on observable facts rather than on beliefs |
| westernization | the adoption of western culture, as is taking place in russia and many eastern european countries |
| Middle Ages | the period in European history between ancient and modern times |
| Cold War | a time of tension between the united states and russia without actual war |
| communisn | a theory of government in which property such as farms and factories is owned by the government for the benefit of all citizens; a political system in which the central government controls all aspects of citizens' lives |
| Pax Romana | Roman peace |
| czar | a russian king |
| Middle Class | a group of people that included traders, merchants, and others who were between between the poor and the very rich |
| humanism | an approach to knowledge that focused on worldly rather than religious values |
| democracy | a type of government in which people rule themselves through elected representatives |
| Rennaissance | a period of European history that included a rebirth of interest in learning and art, peaking in the 1500s |
| manor | a piece of land owned by a lord in the feudal system |
| nationalism | a pride in one's country; an elevation of one's own nation above others |
| colony | a territory ruled by another nation |
| serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lord's land in feudal times; he or she did not own land and depended on the lord for protection |
