| A | B |
|---|
| Dred Scott Case | ruled that a slave was property and that African Americans were not citizens |
| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California as a free state and created a strict Fugitive Slave law |
| Missouri Compromise | said no slavery would be permitted north of 36-30 |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | this law said that popular sovereignty would be used to decide if territories would become slave or free areas |
| Gettysburg | the battle won here became the turning point in the war for the North |
| Border States | the states that had slavery but remained in the Union |
| What the North was fighting for in 1861 | to preserve the Union |
| Emancipation Proclamation | this freed the slaves in the Confederate States only beginning in 1863 |
| John Brown | white abolitionist who tried to lead a slave revolt at Harpers' Ferry in 1859 |
| William Lloyd Garrison | considered to be the founder of the abolitionist movement |
| Abolitionists | people who wanted the immediate, peaceful end of slavery |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | author of Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Louisiana Purchase | this doubled the size of our nation in 1803 and allowed for the expansion of slavery |
| Republican Party | formed as a reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this wanted to stop the spread of slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas | fighting broke out in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people |
| Temperance Movement | this wanted to make alcohol illegal |
| Antietam | a Union victory at this battle allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation |
| Jefferson Davis | president of the Confederate States |
| Confederacy | the eleven states that seceded from the Union |
| secession | to leave the union |
| states' rights | the notion that a state could declare a federal law unconstitutional and could secede |
| Federalism | the Civil War was fought over this basic constitutional principle |
| Reconstruction | the years after the Civil War when the nation rebuilt itself (1865-77) |
| Freedmen's Bureau | gave food, clothing, shelter, medicine, and education to the newly freed slaves |
| 13th amendment | outlawed slavery in the entire U.S. |
| 14th amendment | said that states must give equal protection under the law and due process to all citizens |
| 15th amendment | said states could not prevent someone from voting because of their race |
| Ku Klux Klan | an organization that tried to deny African Americans their civil liberties by terrorizing them |
| Solid South | refers to the fact that for nearly a century after the Civil War, the South always voted for Democrats |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | ruled that segregation is legal as long as it is "separate, but equal." |
| Jim Crow Laws | Southern laws that created segregation |
| Tenure of Office Act | Congress argued that President Andrew Johnson violated this as grounds to impeach him |
| Carpetbaggers | northerners who went to the South after the Civil War were called this |
| Radical Republicans | they wanted to punish the South for the Civil War and protect the rights of African Americans |
| Compromise of 1877 | this settled the disputed election of 1876 and ended Reconstruction |
| Gettysburg Address | famous speech made by Lincoln; "Four score and seven years ago..." |
| Ulysses S. Grant | his presidency was remembered mostly for the scandals that happened |
| Separation of Powers | Reconstruction was mainly a struggle over this basic constitutional principle |
| Laissez faire | the idea that government should not interfere with business |
| Social Darwinism | thinking that said the wealthy were the "fittest" people of society |
| Horatio Alger | he wrote "rags to riches" stories that promoted Social Darwinism |
| American Federation of Labor | craft union founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 |
| craft union | a union for skilled workers only |
| Knights of Labor | this early union was for all workers-- white, black, men , women, skilled, and unskilled |
| Congress of Industrial Organization | union formed in 1935 for unskilled and semi-skilled workers only |
| John D. Rockefeller | became a billionaire in the oil industry; used cut-throat competition |
| Andrew Carnegie | became wealthy from the steel industry; gave a lot of his money away |
| capitalism | economic system that has private ownership, competition, and free enterprise |
| socialism | economic system in which the government owns the major means of production |
| Pendleton Act | this created the civil service system |
| strike | the main weapon used by workers |
| collective bargaining | when the workers and the employer sit down to negotiate a contract about pay,hours, etc. |
| Gilded Age | period from 1877 to 1900; named by Mark Twain |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 | said that "combinations in restraint of trade" were illegal |
| injunction | a court order to stop doing something, such as a strike |
| corporation | this became the most dominant form of business organization after the Civil War |
| Monopoly | a company that controls a market and has no competition |
| Trust | a group of similar businesses that agree to stop competing by joining together |
| Haymarket Square | during this strike workers were blamed for throwing a bomb into a crowd of policemen |
| Pullman Strike | this strike led to a shutdown of the nation's railroads |
| Irish | the first group to come to America in large numbers |
| Potato famine | the reason so many Irish came to America in the 1840s and 1850s |
| Nativism | a fear of foreigners |
| tenements | cheaply built apartment buildings that many immigrants lived in |
| Chinese | the first group to be excluded from immigration to the U.S. by law |
| ethnocentrism | thinking that your own race or culture is the best |
| assimilation | to become like others in a group to gain acceptance |
| social mobility | being able to move up socially and economically |
| Old Immigrants | those who came to America before 1890 |
| New Immigrants | those who came to America after 1890 |
| Pluralism | the idea that America is made up of many different races, ethnic groups, and cultures |
| Dawes Act | this offered Native Americans land and citizenship in 1887 |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | he created the Frontier Thesis; he said the frontier was gone by 1890 |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | wrote a Century of Dishonor about the poor treatment Native Americans had received |
| Open Range | early method for raising cattle; everyone shared grazing lands and water |
| Populist Party | formed in 1890s to help the farmers |
| bimetallism | Populist idea of using gold and silver to back our money and create inflation |
| Overproduction | Farmers in the late 1800s (and even still today) got low prices for their produce due to this |
| Wounded Knee | the last armed conflict between Native Americans and U.S. troops in 1890 |
| Homestead Act | passed in 1862 to give land on the Plains to people |
| Land ownership | the biggest point of disagreement between whites and Native Americans |
| quota | a limit on something like how many immigrants can be allowed in each year |
| National Origins Act of 1924 | set quotas for immigration by where people came from; discriminated most against New Immigrants |
| Congress | they make the laws about immigration |
| Immigration and Naturalization Service | they enforce immigration laws |
| Know-Nothing Party | nativist organization formed in the 1850s; especially disliked Catholics |
| To get a better job and a better life | why most immigrants come to America |
| Tammany Hall | a NYC political machine that did much to help immigrants |
| Boss Tweed | corrupt leader of Tammany Hall from 1868 to 1872 |
