| A | B |
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| What problems in the Roman Church provoked the Reformation? | Corruption of priests and pope; priests were poorly educated; popes spent too much money on worldly pursuits. |
| What practices caused Luther to post 95 Theses on the Wittenberg Church door? | Tetzel's sale of indulgences and papal abuses. |
| What are indulgences? | Paper pardons for sins in the past, present and future. |
| How was Luther's understanding of the Bible different from accepted Roman tradition? | All believers could be priests and could interpret the Bible for themselves; equality of believers; "justification by faith" not works or accepted church interpretations. |
| Why did German princes encourage the new Reformation ideas? | They saw the new teachings as a good excuse to seize church property; some believed in the new faith; they wanted to assert their independence from papal taxes and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. |
| What social disruptions were fanned by the Reformation? | The Peasants Revolt and religious wars. |
| How did the new printing press contribute to the Reformation? | It helped ideas in vernacular spread quickly. |
| How did England's Henry VIII manipulate the Reformation for personal and political reasons? | He declared himself Head of the Church of England and nationalized the monasteries (confiscated church properties and treasures). |
| What caused Henry VIII to break with the Roman Church? | The pope refused to grant him a divorce from his Catholic wife Catherine of Aragon because she did not bear a son who lived to adulthood. |
| How many wives did Henry VIII have? | Six |
| What name is given to the Church of England? | Anglican Church. |
| Who is the Head of the Church of England? | British monarch. |
| How did Elizabeth I unify England? | She restored Protestantism by force and she upheld Protestant beliefs but kept some Catholic rituals and presided over England's Golden Age. |
| What was the Spanish Armada? | An invasion force sent by the Spanish king to invade England. It was defeated in 1588. |
| Why did Spain want to invade England? | It wanted to restore a Catholic monarch to the English throne. |
| What new Christian group was started by Martin Luther? | Lutheran |
| What term means to grant a divorce based on no children having been born to the couple? | Annulment |
| What king wanted to annul his marriage so he could remarry and have a son? | Henry VIII of England |
| What is Predestination? | The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved. |
| How did the idea of Predestination lead John Calvin to set up a political and social community of earthly believers in Geneva,Switzerland? | The community would provide a pure environment for the Elect to live out their lives in goodness and God-pleasing activities. |
| What was the Calvinistic name for those who were predestined to be saved? | The Elect |
| What is a theocracy? | A government run by church leaders. |
| What group established a theocracy in Switzerland? | Calvinists |
| How did Calvin's interpretation of Scripture differ from Luther's? | The idea of predestination, the Sacraments, and the idea of the relation between sacred and secular authority. |
| What other reformed traditions were modeled on Calvinism? | The Presbyterians in Scotland, Dutch Reformed,and the Huguenots in France |
| In what ways did John Knox apply Calvin's idea of the covenant of believers? | Each community church in Scotland was governed by laymen called Presbyters. |
| What church was founded by John Knox? | The Presbyterian Church |
| What were the political consequences of having Scotland become Presbyterian? | The Scots refused to support Mary Stuart and instead crowned her infant son King James who would be raised Protestant. |
| How did the Anabaptists differ from Lutherans and Calvinists? | They believed in adult, not infant, baptism, and were pacifists. |
| What is a pacifist? | One who is against fighting in any war. |
| What later groups grew out of Anabaptist traditions? | Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists and Amish |
| What were three consequences to the Roman Church from the Reformation? | The threat of further reforms spreading, loss of papal authority, and defection of Protestant rulers. |
| What 3 ways did the Roman Church react to the Reformation? | Internal reform against false selling of indulgences and abuses by priests, approval of Jesuit Order, use of the Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory. |
| In what 3 ways did the Council of Trent uphold the institutional Roman Church against the threat of the new individualism? | It stated that Church authority and Biblical interpretation were final, faith and good works were needed for salvation, indulgences were valid practice. |
| Who were the Jesuits? | The Society of Jesus, a militant religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola. |
| How did the Jesuits defend and spread the Catholic faith? | They founded schools, sent out missionaries to convert non-Christians in new territories,tried to stop the spread of Protestantism |
| What is the Inquisition? | A Roman Catholic tribunal to punish heretics (people whose views were different from Church authority). |
