| A | B |
|---|
| capital | money available for investment |
| entrepreneur | person who invests in a new business or businesses in order to make profits |
| cottage industry | production method in which peasant families did work in their homes |
| puddling | process that produced high quality iron by using coke to burn away impurities |
| Henry Cort | individual who developed the puddling process |
| industrial capitalism | an economic system based on industrial production |
| socialism | system in which society, usually in the form of the gov't, owns & controls the means of production |
| conservatism | political philsophpy based on tradition and social stability |
| principle of intervention | belief that great powers in Europe had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of countries threatened with revolution |
| liberalsim | political philosophy based largely on Enlightenment principles; protection of civil liberites and freedom was prized |
| universal male suffrage | the right of adult men to vote |
| hegemony | preponderant influence or authority of one nation over others |
| nationalism | movement based on the awareness of a group as being part of a community that shared a similar language and culture |
| militarism | reliance on military strength |
| kaiser | title of emperors of Second Reich of Germany |
| plebiscite | popular vote on a particular issue |
| emancipation | setting people from from slavery or serfdom |
| abolitionism | movement to end slavery |
| secede | to withdraw from a political group or nation |
| romanticism | an intellectual movement that emphasized feelings, emotions, and imagination as sources of knowing |
| secularization | indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration |
| organic evolution | principle that each kind of plant & animal has evolved over a long period of time from earlier simpler forms of life |
| natural selection | process whereby organism that are more adaptable to the environment survive and thrive, while those that don't die |
| realism | movement in the arts that emphasized a realistic view f the world & focused on the everyday life of ordinary people |
| Charles Townshend | developed crop rotation |
| Jethro Tull | developed a seed drill |
| Enclosure Movement | Fencing in of land by large landowners in Britain |
| Robert Bakewell | developed process of selective breeding |
| James Hargreaves | inventor of spinning jenny |
| Edmund Cartwright | inventor of power loom |
| Thomas Newcomen | developer of atmospheric engine (steam) used in mines |
| James Watt | developer of an efficient steam engine |
| Richard Trevitchick | Inventor of locomotive used to pull wagons in mines |
| George Stevenson | builder of the "Rocket"; locomotive that won route between Manchester and Liverpool |
| Samuel Slater | British citizen who violated British law by bringing industrial technology to US |
| Robert Owne | Utopian socialists who put his ideas into practice at New Lanark Scotland |
| Congress of Vienna | Conference that worked out peace agreement after the defeat of Napoleon |
| Concert of Europe | meetings of the Big Five that tried to maintain the BOP and peace |
| Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain | Original members of the Concert of Europe |
| Klemens von Metternich | dominant statesman at Congress of Vienna |
| Louis Phillipe | Bourgeois king who assumed control after overthrow ofCharles X |
| Greece and Belgium | Two countries who gained independence by 1830 |
| Great Britain and Russia | Two countries that escaped revolutions in 1848 |
| Second Republic | French government created by Constituent Assemby in 1848 France |
| Charles Louis Napoleon | President of Second Republic of France |
| Frankfurt Assembly | all German parliament that wrote a constitution for a united Germany, but couldn't find anyone who wanted to be king |
| Kleindeutsch | plan for a united Germany that excluded Austria |
| Grossdeutsch | plan for a united Germany that included Austria |
| Crimean War | Conflict that destroyed the Concert of Europe |
| Camillo Cavour | Prime Minister of Piedmont who hoped to unite Italy |
| Victor Emmanuel II | first king of a united Italy |
| Garibaldi | leader of the Red Shirts who conquered southern Italy and then united it with Piedmont |
| Venetia | territorg gained by Italy in the Austro-Prussian War |
| Papal State and Rome | territory gained by Italy as result of Franco-Prussian War |
| Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Germany whose use of realpoltik resulted in unification of Germany |
| realpoltik | politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics |
| Danish War | War in which Austria and Prussia fought to reclaim Schleswig & Holstein from the Danes |
| Austro-Prussian War | War begun by Austria over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein |
| Franco-Prussian War | War begun by France after Bismarck released the Ems Telegram |
| Ems Telegram | Altered by Bismarck to make it appear as if the French ambassador and the Prussian king had insulted one another |
| William I or Wilhelm I | First kaiser of the Second Reich |
| Reform Bill of 1832 | Act which gave members of the industrial middle class the right to vote in Britain |
| Battle of Sedan | Humiliating defeat for French; Napoleon III was taken prisoner |
| Alexander II of Russia | tsar who emancipated the serfs in Russia |
| mir | communally owned village in Russia |
| zemstovs | local councils in Russia that gave peasants some voice in local affairs |
| Compromise of 186/Ausgleich | Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
| Charles Darwin | Author of theory of evolution |
| Eugene Delacroix & David Caspar Friedrich | Romantic painters |
| Mary Shelley & Edgar Allen Poe | Romantic writers |
| Beethoven | Romantic composer |
| Gustave Flaubert & Charles Dickens | Realism writers |
| Gustave Courbet | Realism painter |
