| A | B |
|---|
| Thinking | mental activity involved in the understanding, processing, and communicating of information |
| symbol | an object that stands for something else |
| concept | Grouping objects, events, or ideas that have similar characteristics. |
| prototype | an example of a concept that best exemplifies that concept |
| algorithm | a specific procedure that when used properly and in the right circumstances will always lead to the solution of a problem |
| heuristic | They are shortcuts |
| difference reduction | we identify our goal, where we are in relation to it, and the direction we must go to move closer to it |
| means-end analysis | We know that certain things we can do will have certain results |
| analogy | a similarity between two or more items, events, or situations. |
| insight | sudden understanding |
| incubation effect | Arriving at the solution to a problem when we have not even been consciously working on the problem |
| mental set | the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems |
| functional fixedness | is the tendency to think of an object as being useful only for the function that the object is usually used for |
| convergent thinking | thought is limited to available facts |
| divergent thinking | one associates more freely to the various elements of a problem |
| reasoning | the use of information to reach conclusions |
| deductive reasoning | the conclusion is true if the premises are true |
| premise | is an idea or statement that provides the basic information that allows us to draw conclusions |
| inductive reasoning | we reason from individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion |
| confirmation bias | People who seek to prove, or confirm, their hypotheses rather than disprove them |
| representativeness | people make decisions about a sample according to the population that the sample appears to represent |
| availability | Making decisions on the basis of information that is available to them in their immediate consciousness |
| anchoring | People make decisions based on certain ideas or standards they hold, ideas or standards that serve as an anchor for them |
| phoneme | basic sounds of a language |
| morpheme | the units of meaning in a language |
| syntax | the way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences |
| semantics | the study of meaning |
| overextension | When children try to talk about more things than they have words for |
| overregularization | when children apply the normal rules to all words |
| language acquisition device | the belief that people have a natural, or inborn, tendency to acquire language |
| framing effect | refers to the way in which wording affects decision making |
