| A | B |
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| Fixation | The tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives. |
| Heuristic | Any strategy or technique that aids problem solving, especially by limiting the number of possible solutions to be tried. |
| Representative Heuristic | A tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories. |
| Framing | In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured. |
| Artificial Intelligence | Any artificial system (often a computer program)that is capable of human-like problem solving or skilled responding. |
| Insight | A sudden mental reorganization of problem that causes the solution to seem self-evident. |
| Functional Fixedness | A rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects. |
| Phoneme | The basic sound of a language that can be joined into syllables and words. |
| Morpheme | The smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words. |
| Grammar | A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing. |
| Semantics | The study of meanings in language. |
| Syntax | Rules for ordering words when forming sentences. |
| Critical Period | During development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. Also a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur. |
| Mental Age | The average mental ability displayed by people of a given age. |
| Reliability | The ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person. |
| IQ Equation | Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. |
| G-factor | Explains the high correlation found among scores on various tests of intellectual ability and achievement |
| Validity | The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure. |
| WAIS-III | A widely used adult intelligence test that rates both verbal and performance intelligence. |
| WISC-III | A widely used intelligence test for children that rates both verbal and performance intelligence. |
| Algorithm | A step by step method that guarantees a solution as long as each step is properly executed. |
| Confirmation Bias | Tendency to look for information that is consistent with one's beliefs. |
| Prototype | A model, a "best example" of a particular thing. |
| Availability Heuristic | Judging the probability of some event based on what comes most readily to mind (what is most readily available in the mind) |
| Mental Set | A kind of fixation on one particular way to solve a problem. |
| Telegraphic Speech | Two or three word sentence stage. Ex- "me walk" "mom give toy" |
| Holophrastic Speech | Children express complete thoughts with one word. Ex- "juice" |
| Whorf's Linguistic Relativity Theory | One's language influences the ways one thinks |
| Alfred Binet | Father of intelligence testing. Was the first person to develop tests to asses one's ability to learn. |
| Lewis Terman | Created the Stanford-Binet, an intelligence test measuring an individual's IQ. |
| Robert Sternberg | There are three kinds of intelligence: creative, practical and analytical. |
| Howard Gardner | Came up with the theory of multiple intelligence. There are seven different types of intelligence: linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. |
| Standford-Binet Test | Widely used intelligence test measuring an individual's IQ |
| Normal Curve | Percentile distributions and theoretically the perfectly symmetrical curve of IQ scores. |
| Achievement Test | Measure of the mastery of some body of knowledge or skill. |
| Aptitude Test | Measures the ability to do or learn something in the future. |
| Multiple Intelligences | There are seven different types of intelligence: linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. |
| Heritability of Intelligence | 50-60% of the difference between individuals in intelligence is due to genetics. |
| Savant Syndrome | Individuals with serious cognitive limitations such as mental retardation who possess a remarkable talent in art, music, etc. |
| Profoundly Retarded | IQ below 25. Live within the community in group homes or with their families. |
| Severely Retarded | IQ of 25-40. Become self-supporting by working in sheltered workshops. Capable of mastering basic language and self-help skills. |
| Moderately Retarded | IQ of 40-55.Become self-supporting by working in sheltered workshops. Capable of mastering basic language and self-help skills. |
| Mildly Retarded | IQ of 55-70. As adults, are capable of living alone and they may Marry. |
| Borderline Retarded | IQ of 70-85. As adults, are capable of living alone and they may Marry. |
| David Wechsler | Developed task oriented assessments that were not dependent on the understanding of language (WAIS & WISC) Was also the first to create intelligence tests specific to different age groups |
| Cooing | Repetition of vowel sounds. Ex- "oo" "ah" |
| Babble | Consonants are combined with vowels to produce meaningless language sounds. |
| Single Word Stage | Child says one word at a time. Ex- "go" "juice" "up" |
| Stages of Language Accquisition | Cooing->Babble->Single Word->Telegraphic Speech |
| Flynn Effect | schedule of reward and punishment |
| B.F. Skinner | Said that learning is a schedule of rewards and punishments |
| Flynn Effect | Deals with the issue of how the general IQ scores of a populations change over time. |
| Emotional Intelligence (EQ) | The awareness of and ability to manage one's emotions in a healthy and productive manner. |
| cultural bias | biases that are part of standardized intelligence tests, because of peoples' own background is a disadvantage to them for these tests. |
| Belief Perseverance | Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Neural Network Computers | Can be programmed to mimic excitatory and inhibitory neural messages. |
| Noam Chomsky | Said that humans have a biological predisposition to acquire language. |
